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BAGHDAD, Iraq (CNN) - An American resident was hijacked alongside the three Romanian columnists stole Monday in Iraq, the U.S. State Department said Wednesday. Refering to protection laws, a State Department representative in Washington said she was unable to discharge more data, however required the "immediate and safe recuperation of all prisoners in Iraq." The Romanians and a unidentified man showed up in a video that broadcast on the Arabic-language arrange Al-Jazeera Wednesday. It has not been affirmed whether the unidentified man is the American prisoner. The four were indicated sitting on a story as two men - their countenances secured by conventional headscarves - remained aside, pointing weapons at them. The three Romanians - Marie Jeanne Ion, Sorin Dumitru Miscoci, and Eduard Ovidiu Ohanesian - work for Prima TV. They were kidnapped Monday night. (Full story) Prima TV affirmed the three were in the prisoner video. It didn't have the foggiest idea who the fourth individual was. The prisoners seemed quiet in the video. At a certain point, Ion investigated the camera and said in English, "We have been kidnapped." She at that point said there had been reports their prisoner takers "asked for something in return for our opportunity. This isn't true." In Romania, the Foreign Ministry and the primary knowledge administration have set up a group to research the kidnapping, and President Traian Basescu has communicated concern. Particle's sister argued for her protected return. "I beg you to do all that you can to bring my sister back home," Ana Maria Ion said in a meeting on Romanian TV. "She has no blame. Our family is sitting tight for Marie Jeanne to be here, additionally all the others." The three were last gotten notification from by the station around 7:45 p.m. Monday during a phone discussion that was communicated while they were evidently being snatched, an official said. A mobile phone instant message likewise was sent that stated: "Please call the international safe haven urgently," a reference to Romania's Baghdad consulate. The Romanian minister to Iraq has gathered the belongings of the group, which had been in Iraq for three days and had been intending to remain for just five days, a Western source said. Seven regular folks kick the bucket in assaults Guerillas focusing on U.S. powers killed seven regular citizens Wednesday, police stated, during assaults in the northern city of Mosul and the Iraqi capital. A lady and kid were among six slaughtered in Mosul when agitators terminated on a U.S. military watch in the northeastern piece of the city, police said.

Production of Mutant Based Epsilon Toxin (ETK) Vaccines

Creation of Mutant Based Epsilon Toxin (ETK) Vaccines Immunizations improve the safe arrangement of a creature or human by invigorating the creation of antibodies to battle and battle microscopic organisms, protozoan or infections adequately making invulnerability against ailment (Salisbury 1997). Immunizations regularly contain debilitated or dead strains of an infection, microbes or protozoan which evokes the body’s resistant framework upon acknowledgment to react by creating antibodies to battle against the attacking antigen. As a result, the immunization presents the malady or its causative specialist into the body to increase a resistance reaction; accordingly if the infection enters the body later on the body can create the imperative antibodies to battle the illness quicker, as it recalls estimates taken to battle against the ailment beforehand. Subsequently, the time taken to perceive the infection, give dynamic measure against the malady and limit any potential signs or indications related with the causative infection, m icroscopic organisms or protozoan. Expanding on this capacity of antibodies this article evaluates the examination and ensuing paper of Li et. al. examination concerning the creation of freak based epsilon poison (ETK) antibodies which can give security against inebriation. Costridium perfringes a Gram positive spore framing bacterium, is pervasively found in the earth and the digestion tracts of people and creatures. Besides, it is normally found in crude meat and poultry and is likewise connected to foodborne sicknesses and food contamination (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2014). By and by, there are five known strains of C. perfringes which produce at least twelve known protein poisons (The Center for Food Security and Public Health 2004). To this end, the epsilon poison (ETX) is created by the sort B and D strains (The Center for Food Security and Public Health 2004). Also, ETX is a pore framing protein which harms cell dividers prompting potassium and liquid spillage from cells and it builds the penetrability of the cell film bringing about particle lopsidedness; as such ETX has been recommended as a potential organic weapon (Stiles, et al. 2013). Arizona Department of Health (2004) theorizes that in case of an organic assault the epsi lon poison can be spread through food, water or by aerosolization. While each of the five strains have the ability to taint wounds in any species; type B and type D can cause extreme enteritis, in youthful foals, sheep and piglets, and enterotoxemia in youthful calves, sheep, goats, sheep and foals just to make reference to a couple (Arizona Department of Health Services 2004). The poison is likewise known to cause pneumonic edema and neurological manifestations including prostration hyperesthesia, spasms, rowing, dyspnea and loss of compactness when intravenously infused into creatures. They are not many announced cases on the harmfulness of ETX in people as the sort B and D strains infrequently contaminate people. Be that as it may, proof propose that it can influence the G-402 and ACHN cell lines of the human kidney featuring its conceivable harmfulness to people (Li, et al. 2013). The epsilon poison is emitted as an inert prototoxin from the cytosol into the earth because of a 32 amino corrosive buildup pioneer grouping. It is then actuated by extracellular serine type proteases of the host, for example, trypsin or chymotrypsin; which accordingly brings about the misfortune 10-13 amino terminal and 22 or 29 carboxy terminal buildups relying upon the protease utilized (Stiles, et al. 2013). Also, maximal actuation brings about the loss of 13N-terminal buildups and 29 C-terminal deposits delivering the third most intense poison of the clostridia class, loss of these two terminals brings about the development of a progressively acidic protein which conceivably favors increasingly gainful receptor associations (Hunter, et al. 1992). Bokori-Brown et al. (2011) states that the prototoxin can likewise get enacted by C. perfringens ÃŽ » †protease. At the point when initiated the poison turns out to be generally impervious to proteases in the gastrointestinal trac ts of well evolved creatures (Stiles, et al. 2013).The impacts of the poison on the phone films lead to cell brokenness, cell passing and enduring in the host which can once in a while be deadly. Proteolysis incites a conformational change in the poison encouraging homo-oligomerization of the enacted poison on the outside surface of the cell (Stiles, et al. 2013). In the wake of official to a cell ETX acts rapidly. Two gatherings of pore shaping poisons exist, with this impact ETX is a beta pore framing poison as it frames a beta-clasp structure to encourage film addition (Stiles, et al. 2013). Additionally, the poison has three spaces with suggestions in the capacity of the poison. The principal area, space I-amino end, works in receptor official, the focal space or area II works in layer addition and channel arrangement (Stiles, et al. 2013). The last space, area III situated at the carboxy end works in proteolysis enactment and go about as monomer to monomer cooperation locales. Ensuing to the loss of the C terminal peptide from the protoxin monomer-monomer connections prompts homo-heptamer arrangement. ETX cause pore development in cell layers by cleanser safe, cholesterol-rich film spaces that advance total of poison monomers in homo-heptamers (Stiles, et al. 2013). Proof from investigate features ETX structures transmembrane pores under two nanometre in distance across that encourages the entry of particle 1kDa in size, increment intracellular chloride and sodium levels and diminished intracellular potassium levels. Moreover, auxiliary impacts of the poison incorporate cytoskeletal brokenness which influences the uprightness of cell monolayers (Stiles, et al. 2013). The general design and introduction of the paper was acceptable and simple for perusers to follow. Be that as it may, the materials and techniques ought to have happened before the outcomes and conversation to acquaint the perusers with the strategies utilized in the trial. In doing this perusers would have a thought of the kind of results to be introduced or anticipated. Besides, whenever introduced prior the method could be borne as a main priority so as to assist perusers with understanding the data introduced in the outcomes and conversation areas and the significance of the data to the point of the exploration. Moreover, if the technique is put before in the paper it encourages perusers to decide the degree of the inner legitimacy of the examination, as perusers can decide for themselves the degree to which results can be deciphered precisely and with certainty concerning the strategies used to acquire the introduced discoveries. Dependability, an essential condition for legitim acy, is identified with consistency of results and the degree to which the examination can be freely duplicated by different analysts (Leacock, Warrican and Rose 2009). In view of the data gave the examination is solid and can be imitated freely by specialists with the applicable assets. Furthermore the utilization of diagrams, tables and photos of the gels utilized in the analysis are acceptable methods for introducing data. To this end, it presents information in a brief configuration permitting perusers to effectively recognize relevant data and lessens the chance of perusers being overpowered if this data was to be completely present utilizing just content. It is additionally essential to take note of that the utilization of the photographs structure the SDS-PAGE and the immunoblotting helps in peruser perception and goes about as a perspective for perusers while analyzing the outcomes and conversation. The presentation presents a decent base for the perusers yet would have profited by additional inside and out clarification on the method of activity and structure of ETX and more foundation data on freak based immunizations. Additionally an appropriate correlation of the proposed freak based antibody and how it would basically work as opposed to the current immunization which just secures against enterotoxemia brought about by the ailment would have expanded the reader’s information about the point and strengthen the significance of locate a practical immunization with low harmfulness. Note that the presentation gave steady data from past research about the amino corrosive deposits present in the structure of ETX and their capacity. By augmentation the presentation likewise features the picked locales for change in the poison based and proof additionally introduced in the paper. A short outline of the strategies utilized regarding article introduced by Li et al. are as per the following; sited coordinated mutagenesis of ETX in the pTIG-trx plasmid, with the acquired arrangement being affirmed utilizing nucleotide grouping investigation. Following this the pTIG-mETXs were changed into capable E. coli for articulation which was likewise determined with a T7 advertiser. The microscopic organisms was then gathered and sanitized through a mix of centrifugation, cushion washes, resuspension, sonification, chelation and elution. The cleaned protein were along these lines investigated utilizing SDS-PAGE, with the profoundly purged proteins experiencing dialysis and focus. The subsequent stage utilized ELISA to recognize the antigenicity of the mETXs and rETX utilizing hostile to rETX monoclonal antibodies. After electrophoresis the filtered mETX protein were move from the SDS-PAGE gel utilizing the western blotch strategy. The ELISA and western smear steps served to unlawful the antigenicity of the mETX which both including the utilization of goat hostile to mouse IgG during hatching periods. A cell culture and cytotoxicity measure was directed to decide rETX movement by characterizing its impacts on MDCK cells. Three dimensional structure of two mETXs, mETXF199E and mETXH106P, were produced for auxiliary investigation. The two referenced not-harmful mETXs were utilized to immunize multi week old female mice with a similar measurements of antigen being given on days 17 and 38 every week later the mice were infused with dynamic recombinant mETX and watched for 72hours. The accompanying advance included the measure

Change Facebook Fanpage Vanity URL In Just 6 Steps

Change Facebook Fanpage Vanity URL In Just 6 Steps Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Change Facebook Fanpage Vanity URL In Just 6 StepsUpdated On 23/04/2017Author : Jaydip ParikhTopic : FacebookShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozrPUP CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogFacebook is really nice platform to share your Social things as well as it gives leverage to Business owners to take advantage of this powerful medium. When we talk about Business then we must thinking of Facebook Fanpage because if you want to use Facebook for Business then Facebook Fanpage is must for you.Till now Fanpage URL was having some ugly style but now you Can change your Facebook Fanpage URL. You can have some unique name for your Facebook Fanpage. Like www.Facebook.com/yourcompanyname.The name which you are looking for must be free. Earlier we shared a simple tutorial for finding the Facebook Profile/Page ID and we are going to see a tutorial on how to change the Facebook fanpage vani ty URL in just 6 Steps. Let’s see step by step procedure for changing Facebook Fanpage URL.#1 â€" Logon to your Facebook account.#2 â€" Open http://www.facebook.com/username/#3 â€" Select your Desire Page name from dropdown list.#4 â€" If your page is having more than 25 people then you will get an option to select new USER Name. Type your desire Username and hit Check Availability.#5 â€" Facebook will prompt you if the desire USER ID is free. You need to confirm the same.READAvoid Facebook Using Your Name Photo On Ads#6 â€" Guess What ? You are done with your job. Check the new URL for your Fanpage and don’t forgot to update it at relevant pages of your Blog / Site.I will appreciateyour comments on this. Feel free to contact me if you are looking for any further information.

Why Do Afro-American People Dominate in US Sports

Why Do Afro-American People Dominate in US Sports? Usually, when the question is about who is a better sportsman – a white or black one – people tend to prefer the latter one. Why so? To talk about the racial differences (physical and cultural) it is important to say that in the past it was all about the discrimination excuses. Nowadays, the dominancy of black sportsmen is no wonder anymore, but still this aspect makes people think what the reason of black dominancy is. Nevertheless, the majority of scientists in the United States of America are not really concerned with the study of the white black people’s physical differences. However, the black athletes’ obvious superiority brings up two main questions – are they really better than the athletes with white skin? If it is true, then why is it so? O.J. Simpson, for example, has no doubts concerning the racial differences that he has surveyed. According to his words, black athletes are built in a little bit different way. They have longer legs, skinnier calves, which means they were created for speed and, as we know, in the majority of kinds of sport the speed factor is a crucial one. Joe Morgan has also said some words about the differences between blacks and whites. In accordance to his ideas, the main difference between these people lies in the psychological reasons. That is why black people have better speed and agility. For such sports like basketball, baseball and football those features are of number one importance. The black athletes are definitely superior in such situations. It seems like they were created to be able to do more things than the rest. For example, they have no equals in basketball jumping note (65 % of NBA players are Afro-American). To my mind, the main reason why black sportsmen are superior over the rest lies in the fact that they are naturally more capable of endurance and if to talk about numbers, there’s 80% of physiological factor and 20% of sociological, which makes them faster, stronger and better sportsmen!

How to Avoid Common Prepositional Pitfalls in German

Prepositions (Prà ¤positionen) are a hazardous area in the learning of any second language, and German is no exception. These short, seemingly innocent words — an, auf, bei, bis, in, mit, à ¼ber, um, zu, and others — can often be gefà ¤hrlich (dangerous). One of the most common mistakes made by the foreign speaker of a language is the incorrect use of prepositions. Prepositional Pitfalls Fall Into Three Main Categories Grammatical: Is the preposition one governed by the accusative, dative, or genitive case? Or is it a so-called doubtful or two-way preposition? The German noun cases play an important role.Idiomatic: How does a native-speaker say it? To illustrate this, I often use the English example of stand IN line or stand ON line—which do you say? (Both are correct, but your answer may reveal which part of the English-speaking world youre from. If youre British, youd simply queue.) And the way a German might say in or on depends on a number of factors, even including whether a surface is vertical (on the wall) or horizontal (on the table)! Using the wrong preposition can also lead to an unintentional change in meaning... and sometimes to embarrassment.English Interference: Because some German prepositions are similar or identical to English, or sound like an English preposition (bei, in, an, zu), you may choose the wrong one. And several German prepositions can equal more than one English preposition: an can mean at, in, on, or to—depending on how its used in a German sentence. So you cant just assume that an will always mean on. The word since can be translated into German with either the preposition seit (for time) or the conjunction da (for cause). Below are brief discussions  of each category. Grammar Sorry, but theres really only one way to solve this problem: memorize the prepositions! But do it right! The traditional way, learning to rattle off the case groups (e.g., bis, durch, fà ¼r, gegen, ohne, um, wider take the accusative), works for some people, but I prefer the phrase approach—learning prepositions as part of a prepositional phrase. (This is similar to learning nouns with their genders, as I  also recommend.) For example, memorizing the phrases mit mir and ohne mich sets the combination in your mind AND reminds  you that mit takes a dative object (mir), while ohne takes the accusative (mich). Learning the difference between the phrases am See (at the lake) and an den See (to the lake) will tell you that an with the dative is about location (stationary), whereas an with the accusative is about direction (movement). This method is also closer to what a native-speaker does naturally, and it can help move the learner towards an increased level of Sprachgefà ¼hl or a feeling for the language. Idioms Speaking of Sprachgefà ¼hl, here is where you really need it! In most cases, youll just have to learn the right way to say it. For example, where English uses the preposition to, German has at least six possibilities: an, auf, bis, in, nach, or zu! But there are some helpful categorical guidelines. For example, if youre going to a country or geographic destination, you almost always use nach—as in nach Berlin or nach Deutschland. But there are always exceptions to the rule: in die Schweiz, to Switzerland. The rule for the exception is that feminine (die) and plural countries (die USA) use in instead of nach. But there are many cases where rules arent much help. Then you simply have to learn the phrase as a vocabulary item. A good example is a phrase such as to wait for. An English-speaker has a tendency to say warten fà ¼r when the correct German is warten auf—as in Ich warte auf ihn  (Im waiting for him) or Er wartet auf den Bus. (Hes waiting for the bus). Also, see Interference below. Here are a few standard prepositional idiomatic expressions: to die of/sterben an (dat.)to believe in/glauben an (dat.)to depend on/ankommen auf (acc.)to fight for/kà ¤mpfen umto smell of/riechen nach Sometimes German uses a preposition where English doesnt: He was elected mayor. Er wurde zum Bà ¼rgermeister gewà ¤hlt. German often makes distinctions that English does not. We go to the movies or to the cinema in English. But zum Kino means to the movie theater (but not necessarily inside) and ins Kino means to the movies (to see a show). Interference First-language interference is always a problem in learning a second language, but nowhere is this more critical than with prepositions. As we have already seen above, just because English uses a given preposition doesnt mean German will use the equivalent in the same situation. In English we are afraid OF something; a German has fear BEFORE (vor) something. In English we take something FOR a cold; in German, you take something AGAINST (gegen) a cold.   Another example of interference can be seen in the preposition by. Though German bei sounds almost identical to English by, it is rarely used in that meaning. By car or by train is mit dem Auto or mit der Bahn (beim Auto means next to or at the car). The author of a literary work is designated in a von-phrase: von Schiller (by Schiller). The closest bei usually comes to by is in an expression such as bei Mà ¼nchen (near/by Munich) or bei Nacht (at/by night), but bei mir means at my house or at my place. (For more about by in German, see By-Expressions in German.) Obviously, there are many more prepositional pitfalls than we have space for here. See our German Grammar page and The Four German Cases for more information in several categories. If you feel youre ready, you can test yourself on this Preposition Quiz.

The Corrupt American Dream By F. Scott Fitzgerald

Bella Kolinski AP English 11 3 March 2016 The Corrupt American Dream The American Dream is defined as the â€Å"idea that every US citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative† (Adams). This idea has been relevant to Americans ever since the creation of the United States of America. Everyone has their own interpretation of it and embody it in their own way. Over time, the American Dream has been altered and changed in regards to how our society has evolved. During the 1920s, the American Dream became corrupt and America’s main focus was on materialism and wealth. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, he depicts the corruption of the American Dream based on greed and false prosperity which strayed from the true version of it which valued hard-work, and initiative. In the 1920s, The American Dream was skewed and very different from the original idea. In The Great Gatsby, the characters personify Materialism and greed. One of the main characters, Daisy, is very materialistic. She manifests greed and the American Dream during this time perfectly. Daisy has grown up with money being an important part of her life. She marries Tom Buchanan for the sake of his money, not out of unconditional love. She is so obsessed with wealth that she doesn t care for anything else than money. Daisy has always believed that money can make things better and that money is the answer. She is so blinded by the abuse sheShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream, and All Its Splendor (Great Gatsby)854 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1920s were a decade of rebirth characterised by the founding of the American Dream -- the belief that anyone can, and should, achieve material success. The defining writer of the 1920s was F. Scott Fitzgerald whose most famous novel, The Great Gatsby, has become required reading for present-day high school students. We study Fitzgeralds novel for the same reason we study Shakespeare. The literature composed by both authors contains themes and morals that continue to be relevant to modernRead More The American Dream, And All Its Splendor (Great Gatsby) Essay example809 Words   |  4 Pages The 1920s were a decade of rebirth characterised by the founding of the quot;American Dreamquot; -- the belief that anyone can, and should, achieve material success. The defining writer of the 1920s was F. Scott Fitzgerald whose most famous novel, The Great Gatsby, has become required reading for present-day high school students. We study Fitzgeralds novel for the same reason we study Shakespeare. The literature composed by both authors contains themes and morals that continue to be relevantRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds American Dream Essay1643 Words   |  7 Pageswould never be so happy again.†(Fitzgerald). F. Scott Fitzgerald was born on September 24, 1896 in St. Paul, Minnesota, into a very prestigious, catholic family. Edward, his father, was from Maryland, and had a strong allegiance to the Old South and its values. Fitzgerald’s mother, Mary, was the daughter of an Irish immigrant who became wealthy as a wholesale grocer in St. Paul. His upbringing, affected much of his writing career. Half the time F. Scott Fitzgerald thought of himself as the â€Å"heirRead MoreThe American Dream Through The Eyes Of F. Scott Fitzgerald1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream Through the Eyes of F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby has been criticized, cited, and known as one of the greatest works of American Literature. With numerous themes and focuses, one of the most valuable is represented in the American Dream and how F. Scott Fitzgerald analyzes his idea of this concept. The American Dream is a concept centering on successes in many terms, such as wealth and social standing. These successes are achieved through hardRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1672 Words   |  7 Pages2017 Dreams of the Corrupted When corruption is thought of one could often think of a fat, greedy old man taking the wealth of citizens. However, that is not the only form of corruption. Many forms of corrupt individuals are prevalent throughout the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Corruption is shown through the characters as they pursue their version of the American Dream. However, the pursuit of the American Dream does not entail happiness, for the needs of the corrupt can neverRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1412 Words   |  6 Pages Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby showcases the American society during the Roaring 1920s. During this time period many longed to be rich and become a member of the upper class. It became one’s dream to obtain good social standing rather than to achieve freedom and happiness. Fitzgerald creates characters, such as Daisy Buchanan and Jay Gatsby, who are more concerned with wealth than what truly makes t hem happy in life. Therefore, many perceive the theme of this novelRead MoreDestruction of Dreams, Failure of Dreamers in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby1489 Words   |  6 Pages Jay Gatsby, the protagonist of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, is used to contrast a real American dreamer against what had become of American society during the 1920s.   By magnifying the tragic fate of dreamers, conveying that twenties America lacked the substance to fulfill dreams and exposing the shallowness of Jazz-Age Americans, Fitzgerald foreshadows the destruction of his own generation. The beauty and splendor of Gatsbys parties masked the innate corruption within theRead MoreSymbolisms in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay846 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolisms in novels are as memorable as the green light in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Shining at the end of Daisy’s dock, it is close enough to be seen, but too far away to be reached. Still, Gatsby, an eternal optimist, stares at it at night, as if it showed him that all his far-away dreams were about to come true. The green light in The Great Gatsby is symbolic of hope, a source of inspiration, and a representation of the American Dream to Gatsby and to the novel’s readers. Gatsby’s aspirationsRead MoreThe Decay of American Dream in The Great Gatsby1289 Words   |  6 PagesThe Decay of American Dream in The Great Gatsby The American Dream is a worldwide known idiom and it emphasizes an ideal of a successful and happy lifestyle which is oftentimes symbolized by the phrase â€Å"from rags-to-riches†. It originated out of the ideal of equality, freedom and opportunity that is held to every American. In the last couple of decades the main idea of the American Dream has shifted to becoming a dream in which materialistic values are of a higher importance and status. TheRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Character Analysis1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe stereotypical American Dream is being wealthy and successful, living in a nice house with a family. Once a person experiences this American dream, he or she becomes greedy and unscrupulous. This is evident in The Great Gatsby through the insights and backstories sprinkled intermittently through the novel. As the story begins it is clear that Tom Buchanan wants women other than his wife, Jay Gatsby wants to rekindle his relationship with Daisy Buchanan, and Da isy Buchanan just wants to be loved

Oscar Micheaux and Black American Cinema Essay Example For Students

Oscar Micheaux and Black American Cinema Essay In early American film, African-Americans were portrayed in a very offensive and racist way. An example of this is in D. W. Griffith’s 1915 film, The Birth of a Nation. This film is what helped spark the beginning of Black American Cinema. An African-American director named Oscar Micheaux responded to Griffith’s film and created many films portraying African-Americans as being perfectly normal and realistic. This paper will discuss how Micheaux changed the way African-Americans were portrayed in cinema and how he helped start Black American Cinema. This can be seen by studying some of Micheaux’s earliest films including: The Homesteader (1919), Within Our Gates (1920), and Veiled Aristocrats (1932). D. W. Griffith’s 1915 film, The Birth of a Nation was very controversial because of the way black men were portrayed. There is a scene in which a black man attempts to rape a white woman. This scene tries to make black men seem evil and dangerous. Also all of the black men in the film are shown to be very unintelligent. Mainstream film companies portrayed black men largely as humorous objects – dim witted, slow moving, shiftless caricatures who would not threaten mainstream audiences (Butters 5). Many of the actors were not even black. A lot of the actors were white men dressed in blackface. This film also shows the Ku Klux Klan as being the good guys of the story and also being heroic. â€Å"A deeply racist film glorifying the Ku Klux Klan, The Birth of a Nation was bitterly attacked on its release by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and its allies† (Stokes 20). This film caused many African-Americans to protest the film. There were race riots and protests in many urban cities. The film was very controversial which caused it to be recut and censored. â€Å"Repeatedly recut by censors who deemed the harrowing sequences of lynching and attempted rape too incendiary in the wake of the Chicago race riots of 1919† (Zimmermann 122). This film was a prime example of the racism that existed during this time period. The African-American Civil Rights Movement didnt start until the mid 1950s and even after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 there is still racism in the world. Oscar Micheaux was a very important figure in the starting of Black American Cinema. He made films that depicted black men as being intelligent and educated. â€Å"Throughout the silent era, Micheaux created cinematic portrayals of African-American manhood that stood in sharp contrast to Hollywood’s depictions† (Butters 5). Micheaux’s films along with films made through the Lincoln Motion Picture Company were what started Black American Cinema. The Northern urban cities were the first places that had theaters that catered to black audiences. These theaters were owned and built by African-Americans. The North and Midwest cities are where a large portion of southern blacks migrated. Chicago is where most of the race movies begun. Oscar Micheaux’s films were extremely controversial. In some countries, his films were heavily censored or even banned. â€Å"Swedish censors notoriously edited out violence and harsh language. They did not do this in order to prevent riots, but with the notion that such expressions would harm the morality of youth, women, and members of the working class† (Gustafsson 32). The reason Micheaux’s films were so important was because of the way he portrayed African-Americans. In most of Micheaux’s films, he portrays the world in the way he thinks is accurate. Oscar Micheaux’s first film was called The Homesteader. It was actually based on a book he had written with the same name. This film is thought to be the first film to have been created with an all black cast and crew. Micheaux was going to have the film produced through the Lincoln Motion Picture Company, but he wanted more control of the film. .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .postImageUrl , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:hover , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:visited , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:active { border:0!important; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:active , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American Photographer and Artist EssayHe decided to establish his own film and book publishing company. It was called The Micheaux Film and Book Publishing Corporation. The Homesteader was well-received and resulted in launching Micheaux’s new career as a filmmaker. In The Homesteader, Micheaux’s goal in this film was to show African-Americans that it was very possible for them to become successful. Micheaux attempted to demonstrate the qualities needed to be a successful black man (Butters 6). The film also depicts an interracial romance, in which was very controversial at the time. Micheaux didnt try to make black people inferior to white people in his films. Instead he tried to show what he thought was the realistic representation. â€Å"Whereas most other race films displayed a highly idealized image of black people, Micheaux represented African-American life as he saw it, with representations of both good and bad† (Gustafsson 32). This film was the start of Black American Cinema and the film industry now became very segregated. Oscar Micheaux’s most important film was called Within Our Gates (1920). It is Micheaux’s second film and is actually the oldest surviving film that was made by a black director. It was a direct response to Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation. Within Our Gates is a representation of the injustices that African-Americans faced in the very racist society of the time. It shows white supremacy and racial violence. â€Å"A powerful and enlightening cultural document and a landmark film, Within Our Gates is no less relevant today than it was in 1920. It resonates and reverberates with racial profiling, defunding of education, diaspora, the War on Terror† (Zimmermann 122). The film shows a lot of lynching, which made southern white people look terrible and inhumane. The film does the exact opposite of what The Birth of a Nation did. It depicts a white man attempting to sexually assault a black woman. Micheaux wanted to express the fact that it was more likely for a white person to do harm to a black person. This film helped express the struggles African-Americans had to face because of racism. Micheaux’s films were shot using very impressive camera and editing techniques. The editing and camera work was very well done and could compete with Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation. â€Å"Within Our Gates also counters The Birth of a Nation in the politics of its aesthetics, specifically in its very different use of parallel editing† (Siomopoulos 111). Another important race film that Micheaux created was Veiled Aristocrats. This film depicts racism by showing that light-skinned people are treated better compared to dark-skinned people. The main protagonist of the film is an African-American that is fairly light-skinned. This allows him to pass as a white man and allows to him to be successful. The plot of this story is very creative because it shows a different type of discrimination. Even though the main characters are in fact African-American, they are actually prejudice toward dark-skinned black people. Micheaux shows how people with mixed-race heritage also struggled. The ending of the story promotes racial equality and shows interracial couples as being perfectly normal. Micheaux expresses racial equality through this film and promotes civil rights. Micheaux was the first African-American to create a film. He was also the first African-American to create a film that was shown in white movie theaters. This shows how his films were revolutionary. By creating very well made films and portraying black people in a realistic way, Micheaux played a huge role in the advancement of the African-American culture. Black American Cinema in a way pushed segregation, which does not promote racial equality, but by making films that portray African-Americans as equal did a lot to help. In the whole experience of the race there has been no aid to visualization comparable to the cinema† (Siomopoulos 113). Micheaux’s films helped African-Americans find ways to battle racism. Black American Cinema became a key factor in racial equality. â€Å"Movie theaters were important sites of black urban culture, where African Americans could both engage in mass culture and adapt it to the needs of the black community, especially through the live musical performances that would accompany the films† (Siomopoulos 113). Racism has always been a serious problem in society. .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .postImageUrl , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:hover , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:visited , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:active { border:0!important; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:active , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The James Bond films EssayToday racism still exists, but it is not nearly as common. Oscar Micheaux was the first African-American to create a film and he helped start the Black American Cinema movement. By studying his films: The Homesteader (1919), Within Our Gates (1920), and Veiled Aristocrats (1932) it is obvious that he played a huge role in changing the way African-Americans were portrayed in films. By moving away from the terrible black stereotypes, Oscar Micheaux created films that really contributed to an attempt of racial equality. Bibliography: Butters, Gerald R., Jr. Homestead to Lynch Mob: Portrayals of Black Masculinity. The Journal for MultiMedia History 3 (2000): 1-18. Web. Gustafsson, Tommy. The Visual Re-Creation Of Black People In A White Country: Oscar Micheaux And Swedish Film Culture In The 1920S. Cinema Journal 4 (2008): 30. Literature Resource Center. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. â€Å"Oscar Devereaux Micheaux.† Bio, AE Television Networks, 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. Siomopolous, Anna. The Birth Of A Black Cinema: Race, Reception, And Oscar Micheauxs Within Our Gates. Moving Image 2 (2006): 111. Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. Stokes, Melvyn. Race, Politics, And Censorship: D. W. Griffiths The Birth Of A Nation In France, 1916-1923. Cinema Journal 1 (2010): 19. Literature Resource Center. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. Zimmermann, Patricia. Revisiting And Remixing Black Cinema. Moving Image 2 (2006): 119. Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.