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BAGHDAD, Iraq (CNN) - An American resident was hijacked alongside the three Romanian columnists stole Monday in Iraq, the U.S. State Department said Wednesday. Refering to protection laws, a State Department representative in Washington said she was unable to discharge more data, however required the "immediate and safe recuperation of all prisoners in Iraq." The Romanians and a unidentified man showed up in a video that broadcast on the Arabic-language arrange Al-Jazeera Wednesday. It has not been affirmed whether the unidentified man is the American prisoner. The four were indicated sitting on a story as two men - their countenances secured by conventional headscarves - remained aside, pointing weapons at them. The three Romanians - Marie Jeanne Ion, Sorin Dumitru Miscoci, and Eduard Ovidiu Ohanesian - work for Prima TV. They were kidnapped Monday night. (Full story) Prima TV affirmed the three were in the prisoner video. It didn't have the foggiest idea who the fourth individual was. The prisoners seemed quiet in the video. At a certain point, Ion investigated the camera and said in English, "We have been kidnapped." She at that point said there had been reports their prisoner takers "asked for something in return for our opportunity. This isn't true." In Romania, the Foreign Ministry and the primary knowledge administration have set up a group to research the kidnapping, and President Traian Basescu has communicated concern. Particle's sister argued for her protected return. "I beg you to do all that you can to bring my sister back home," Ana Maria Ion said in a meeting on Romanian TV. "She has no blame. Our family is sitting tight for Marie Jeanne to be here, additionally all the others." The three were last gotten notification from by the station around 7:45 p.m. Monday during a phone discussion that was communicated while they were evidently being snatched, an official said. A mobile phone instant message likewise was sent that stated: "Please call the international safe haven urgently," a reference to Romania's Baghdad consulate. The Romanian minister to Iraq has gathered the belongings of the group, which had been in Iraq for three days and had been intending to remain for just five days, a Western source said. Seven regular folks kick the bucket in assaults Guerillas focusing on U.S. powers killed seven regular citizens Wednesday, police stated, during assaults in the northern city of Mosul and the Iraqi capital. A lady and kid were among six slaughtered in Mosul when agitators terminated on a U.S. military watch in the northeastern piece of the city, police said.

Production of Mutant Based Epsilon Toxin (ETK) Vaccines

Creation of Mutant Based Epsilon Toxin (ETK) Vaccines Immunizations improve the safe arrangement of a creature or human by invigorating the creation of antibodies to battle and battle microscopic organisms, protozoan or infections adequately making invulnerability against ailment (Salisbury 1997). Immunizations regularly contain debilitated or dead strains of an infection, microbes or protozoan which evokes the body’s resistant framework upon acknowledgment to react by creating antibodies to battle against the attacking antigen. As a result, the immunization presents the malady or its causative specialist into the body to increase a resistance reaction; accordingly if the infection enters the body later on the body can create the imperative antibodies to battle the illness quicker, as it recalls estimates taken to battle against the ailment beforehand. Subsequently, the time taken to perceive the infection, give dynamic measure against the malady and limit any potential signs or indications related with the causative infection, m icroscopic organisms or protozoan. Expanding on this capacity of antibodies this article evaluates the examination and ensuing paper of Li et. al. examination concerning the creation of freak based epsilon poison (ETK) antibodies which can give security against inebriation. Costridium perfringes a Gram positive spore framing bacterium, is pervasively found in the earth and the digestion tracts of people and creatures. Besides, it is normally found in crude meat and poultry and is likewise connected to foodborne sicknesses and food contamination (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2014). By and by, there are five known strains of C. perfringes which produce at least twelve known protein poisons (The Center for Food Security and Public Health 2004). To this end, the epsilon poison (ETX) is created by the sort B and D strains (The Center for Food Security and Public Health 2004). Also, ETX is a pore framing protein which harms cell dividers prompting potassium and liquid spillage from cells and it builds the penetrability of the cell film bringing about particle lopsidedness; as such ETX has been recommended as a potential organic weapon (Stiles, et al. 2013). Arizona Department of Health (2004) theorizes that in case of an organic assault the epsi lon poison can be spread through food, water or by aerosolization. While each of the five strains have the ability to taint wounds in any species; type B and type D can cause extreme enteritis, in youthful foals, sheep and piglets, and enterotoxemia in youthful calves, sheep, goats, sheep and foals just to make reference to a couple (Arizona Department of Health Services 2004). The poison is likewise known to cause pneumonic edema and neurological manifestations including prostration hyperesthesia, spasms, rowing, dyspnea and loss of compactness when intravenously infused into creatures. They are not many announced cases on the harmfulness of ETX in people as the sort B and D strains infrequently contaminate people. Be that as it may, proof propose that it can influence the G-402 and ACHN cell lines of the human kidney featuring its conceivable harmfulness to people (Li, et al. 2013). The epsilon poison is emitted as an inert prototoxin from the cytosol into the earth because of a 32 amino corrosive buildup pioneer grouping. It is then actuated by extracellular serine type proteases of the host, for example, trypsin or chymotrypsin; which accordingly brings about the misfortune 10-13 amino terminal and 22 or 29 carboxy terminal buildups relying upon the protease utilized (Stiles, et al. 2013). Also, maximal actuation brings about the loss of 13N-terminal buildups and 29 C-terminal deposits delivering the third most intense poison of the clostridia class, loss of these two terminals brings about the development of a progressively acidic protein which conceivably favors increasingly gainful receptor associations (Hunter, et al. 1992). Bokori-Brown et al. (2011) states that the prototoxin can likewise get enacted by C. perfringens ÃŽ » †protease. At the point when initiated the poison turns out to be generally impervious to proteases in the gastrointestinal trac ts of well evolved creatures (Stiles, et al. 2013).The impacts of the poison on the phone films lead to cell brokenness, cell passing and enduring in the host which can once in a while be deadly. Proteolysis incites a conformational change in the poison encouraging homo-oligomerization of the enacted poison on the outside surface of the cell (Stiles, et al. 2013). In the wake of official to a cell ETX acts rapidly. Two gatherings of pore shaping poisons exist, with this impact ETX is a beta pore framing poison as it frames a beta-clasp structure to encourage film addition (Stiles, et al. 2013). Additionally, the poison has three spaces with suggestions in the capacity of the poison. The principal area, space I-amino end, works in receptor official, the focal space or area II works in layer addition and channel arrangement (Stiles, et al. 2013). The last space, area III situated at the carboxy end works in proteolysis enactment and go about as monomer to monomer cooperation locales. Ensuing to the loss of the C terminal peptide from the protoxin monomer-monomer connections prompts homo-heptamer arrangement. ETX cause pore development in cell layers by cleanser safe, cholesterol-rich film spaces that advance total of poison monomers in homo-heptamers (Stiles, et al. 2013). Proof from investigate features ETX structures transmembrane pores under two nanometre in distance across that encourages the entry of particle 1kDa in size, increment intracellular chloride and sodium levels and diminished intracellular potassium levels. Moreover, auxiliary impacts of the poison incorporate cytoskeletal brokenness which influences the uprightness of cell monolayers (Stiles, et al. 2013). The general design and introduction of the paper was acceptable and simple for perusers to follow. Be that as it may, the materials and techniques ought to have happened before the outcomes and conversation to acquaint the perusers with the strategies utilized in the trial. In doing this perusers would have a thought of the kind of results to be introduced or anticipated. Besides, whenever introduced prior the method could be borne as a main priority so as to assist perusers with understanding the data introduced in the outcomes and conversation areas and the significance of the data to the point of the exploration. Moreover, if the technique is put before in the paper it encourages perusers to decide the degree of the inner legitimacy of the examination, as perusers can decide for themselves the degree to which results can be deciphered precisely and with certainty concerning the strategies used to acquire the introduced discoveries. Dependability, an essential condition for legitim acy, is identified with consistency of results and the degree to which the examination can be freely duplicated by different analysts (Leacock, Warrican and Rose 2009). In view of the data gave the examination is solid and can be imitated freely by specialists with the applicable assets. Furthermore the utilization of diagrams, tables and photos of the gels utilized in the analysis are acceptable methods for introducing data. To this end, it presents information in a brief configuration permitting perusers to effectively recognize relevant data and lessens the chance of perusers being overpowered if this data was to be completely present utilizing just content. It is additionally essential to take note of that the utilization of the photographs structure the SDS-PAGE and the immunoblotting helps in peruser perception and goes about as a perspective for perusers while analyzing the outcomes and conversation. The presentation presents a decent base for the perusers yet would have profited by additional inside and out clarification on the method of activity and structure of ETX and more foundation data on freak based immunizations. Additionally an appropriate correlation of the proposed freak based antibody and how it would basically work as opposed to the current immunization which just secures against enterotoxemia brought about by the ailment would have expanded the reader’s information about the point and strengthen the significance of locate a practical immunization with low harmfulness. Note that the presentation gave steady data from past research about the amino corrosive deposits present in the structure of ETX and their capacity. By augmentation the presentation likewise features the picked locales for change in the poison based and proof additionally introduced in the paper. A short outline of the strategies utilized regarding article introduced by Li et al. are as per the following; sited coordinated mutagenesis of ETX in the pTIG-trx plasmid, with the acquired arrangement being affirmed utilizing nucleotide grouping investigation. Following this the pTIG-mETXs were changed into capable E. coli for articulation which was likewise determined with a T7 advertiser. The microscopic organisms was then gathered and sanitized through a mix of centrifugation, cushion washes, resuspension, sonification, chelation and elution. The cleaned protein were along these lines investigated utilizing SDS-PAGE, with the profoundly purged proteins experiencing dialysis and focus. The subsequent stage utilized ELISA to recognize the antigenicity of the mETXs and rETX utilizing hostile to rETX monoclonal antibodies. After electrophoresis the filtered mETX protein were move from the SDS-PAGE gel utilizing the western blotch strategy. The ELISA and western smear steps served to unlawful the antigenicity of the mETX which both including the utilization of goat hostile to mouse IgG during hatching periods. A cell culture and cytotoxicity measure was directed to decide rETX movement by characterizing its impacts on MDCK cells. Three dimensional structure of two mETXs, mETXF199E and mETXH106P, were produced for auxiliary investigation. The two referenced not-harmful mETXs were utilized to immunize multi week old female mice with a similar measurements of antigen being given on days 17 and 38 every week later the mice were infused with dynamic recombinant mETX and watched for 72hours. The accompanying advance included the measure

Change Facebook Fanpage Vanity URL In Just 6 Steps

Change Facebook Fanpage Vanity URL In Just 6 Steps Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Change Facebook Fanpage Vanity URL In Just 6 StepsUpdated On 23/04/2017Author : Jaydip ParikhTopic : FacebookShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozrPUP CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogFacebook is really nice platform to share your Social things as well as it gives leverage to Business owners to take advantage of this powerful medium. When we talk about Business then we must thinking of Facebook Fanpage because if you want to use Facebook for Business then Facebook Fanpage is must for you.Till now Fanpage URL was having some ugly style but now you Can change your Facebook Fanpage URL. You can have some unique name for your Facebook Fanpage. Like www.Facebook.com/yourcompanyname.The name which you are looking for must be free. Earlier we shared a simple tutorial for finding the Facebook Profile/Page ID and we are going to see a tutorial on how to change the Facebook fanpage vani ty URL in just 6 Steps. Let’s see step by step procedure for changing Facebook Fanpage URL.#1 â€" Logon to your Facebook account.#2 â€" Open http://www.facebook.com/username/#3 â€" Select your Desire Page name from dropdown list.#4 â€" If your page is having more than 25 people then you will get an option to select new USER Name. Type your desire Username and hit Check Availability.#5 â€" Facebook will prompt you if the desire USER ID is free. You need to confirm the same.READAvoid Facebook Using Your Name Photo On Ads#6 â€" Guess What ? You are done with your job. Check the new URL for your Fanpage and don’t forgot to update it at relevant pages of your Blog / Site.I will appreciateyour comments on this. Feel free to contact me if you are looking for any further information.

Why Do Afro-American People Dominate in US Sports

Why Do Afro-American People Dominate in US Sports? Usually, when the question is about who is a better sportsman – a white or black one – people tend to prefer the latter one. Why so? To talk about the racial differences (physical and cultural) it is important to say that in the past it was all about the discrimination excuses. Nowadays, the dominancy of black sportsmen is no wonder anymore, but still this aspect makes people think what the reason of black dominancy is. Nevertheless, the majority of scientists in the United States of America are not really concerned with the study of the white black people’s physical differences. However, the black athletes’ obvious superiority brings up two main questions – are they really better than the athletes with white skin? If it is true, then why is it so? O.J. Simpson, for example, has no doubts concerning the racial differences that he has surveyed. According to his words, black athletes are built in a little bit different way. They have longer legs, skinnier calves, which means they were created for speed and, as we know, in the majority of kinds of sport the speed factor is a crucial one. Joe Morgan has also said some words about the differences between blacks and whites. In accordance to his ideas, the main difference between these people lies in the psychological reasons. That is why black people have better speed and agility. For such sports like basketball, baseball and football those features are of number one importance. The black athletes are definitely superior in such situations. It seems like they were created to be able to do more things than the rest. For example, they have no equals in basketball jumping note (65 % of NBA players are Afro-American). To my mind, the main reason why black sportsmen are superior over the rest lies in the fact that they are naturally more capable of endurance and if to talk about numbers, there’s 80% of physiological factor and 20% of sociological, which makes them faster, stronger and better sportsmen!

How to Avoid Common Prepositional Pitfalls in German

Prepositions (Prà ¤positionen) are a hazardous area in the learning of any second language, and German is no exception. These short, seemingly innocent words — an, auf, bei, bis, in, mit, à ¼ber, um, zu, and others — can often be gefà ¤hrlich (dangerous). One of the most common mistakes made by the foreign speaker of a language is the incorrect use of prepositions. Prepositional Pitfalls Fall Into Three Main Categories Grammatical: Is the preposition one governed by the accusative, dative, or genitive case? Or is it a so-called doubtful or two-way preposition? The German noun cases play an important role.Idiomatic: How does a native-speaker say it? To illustrate this, I often use the English example of stand IN line or stand ON line—which do you say? (Both are correct, but your answer may reveal which part of the English-speaking world youre from. If youre British, youd simply queue.) And the way a German might say in or on depends on a number of factors, even including whether a surface is vertical (on the wall) or horizontal (on the table)! Using the wrong preposition can also lead to an unintentional change in meaning... and sometimes to embarrassment.English Interference: Because some German prepositions are similar or identical to English, or sound like an English preposition (bei, in, an, zu), you may choose the wrong one. And several German prepositions can equal more than one English preposition: an can mean at, in, on, or to—depending on how its used in a German sentence. So you cant just assume that an will always mean on. The word since can be translated into German with either the preposition seit (for time) or the conjunction da (for cause). Below are brief discussions  of each category. Grammar Sorry, but theres really only one way to solve this problem: memorize the prepositions! But do it right! The traditional way, learning to rattle off the case groups (e.g., bis, durch, fà ¼r, gegen, ohne, um, wider take the accusative), works for some people, but I prefer the phrase approach—learning prepositions as part of a prepositional phrase. (This is similar to learning nouns with their genders, as I  also recommend.) For example, memorizing the phrases mit mir and ohne mich sets the combination in your mind AND reminds  you that mit takes a dative object (mir), while ohne takes the accusative (mich). Learning the difference between the phrases am See (at the lake) and an den See (to the lake) will tell you that an with the dative is about location (stationary), whereas an with the accusative is about direction (movement). This method is also closer to what a native-speaker does naturally, and it can help move the learner towards an increased level of Sprachgefà ¼hl or a feeling for the language. Idioms Speaking of Sprachgefà ¼hl, here is where you really need it! In most cases, youll just have to learn the right way to say it. For example, where English uses the preposition to, German has at least six possibilities: an, auf, bis, in, nach, or zu! But there are some helpful categorical guidelines. For example, if youre going to a country or geographic destination, you almost always use nach—as in nach Berlin or nach Deutschland. But there are always exceptions to the rule: in die Schweiz, to Switzerland. The rule for the exception is that feminine (die) and plural countries (die USA) use in instead of nach. But there are many cases where rules arent much help. Then you simply have to learn the phrase as a vocabulary item. A good example is a phrase such as to wait for. An English-speaker has a tendency to say warten fà ¼r when the correct German is warten auf—as in Ich warte auf ihn  (Im waiting for him) or Er wartet auf den Bus. (Hes waiting for the bus). Also, see Interference below. Here are a few standard prepositional idiomatic expressions: to die of/sterben an (dat.)to believe in/glauben an (dat.)to depend on/ankommen auf (acc.)to fight for/kà ¤mpfen umto smell of/riechen nach Sometimes German uses a preposition where English doesnt: He was elected mayor. Er wurde zum Bà ¼rgermeister gewà ¤hlt. German often makes distinctions that English does not. We go to the movies or to the cinema in English. But zum Kino means to the movie theater (but not necessarily inside) and ins Kino means to the movies (to see a show). Interference First-language interference is always a problem in learning a second language, but nowhere is this more critical than with prepositions. As we have already seen above, just because English uses a given preposition doesnt mean German will use the equivalent in the same situation. In English we are afraid OF something; a German has fear BEFORE (vor) something. In English we take something FOR a cold; in German, you take something AGAINST (gegen) a cold.   Another example of interference can be seen in the preposition by. Though German bei sounds almost identical to English by, it is rarely used in that meaning. By car or by train is mit dem Auto or mit der Bahn (beim Auto means next to or at the car). The author of a literary work is designated in a von-phrase: von Schiller (by Schiller). The closest bei usually comes to by is in an expression such as bei Mà ¼nchen (near/by Munich) or bei Nacht (at/by night), but bei mir means at my house or at my place. (For more about by in German, see By-Expressions in German.) Obviously, there are many more prepositional pitfalls than we have space for here. See our German Grammar page and The Four German Cases for more information in several categories. If you feel youre ready, you can test yourself on this Preposition Quiz.

The Corrupt American Dream By F. Scott Fitzgerald

Bella Kolinski AP English 11 3 March 2016 The Corrupt American Dream The American Dream is defined as the â€Å"idea that every US citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative† (Adams). This idea has been relevant to Americans ever since the creation of the United States of America. Everyone has their own interpretation of it and embody it in their own way. Over time, the American Dream has been altered and changed in regards to how our society has evolved. During the 1920s, the American Dream became corrupt and America’s main focus was on materialism and wealth. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, he depicts the corruption of the American Dream based on greed and false prosperity which strayed from the true version of it which valued hard-work, and initiative. In the 1920s, The American Dream was skewed and very different from the original idea. In The Great Gatsby, the characters personify Materialism and greed. One of the main characters, Daisy, is very materialistic. She manifests greed and the American Dream during this time perfectly. Daisy has grown up with money being an important part of her life. She marries Tom Buchanan for the sake of his money, not out of unconditional love. She is so obsessed with wealth that she doesn t care for anything else than money. Daisy has always believed that money can make things better and that money is the answer. She is so blinded by the abuse sheShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream, and All Its Splendor (Great Gatsby)854 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1920s were a decade of rebirth characterised by the founding of the American Dream -- the belief that anyone can, and should, achieve material success. The defining writer of the 1920s was F. Scott Fitzgerald whose most famous novel, The Great Gatsby, has become required reading for present-day high school students. We study Fitzgeralds novel for the same reason we study Shakespeare. The literature composed by both authors contains themes and morals that continue to be relevant to modernRead More The American Dream, And All Its Splendor (Great Gatsby) Essay example809 Words   |  4 Pages The 1920s were a decade of rebirth characterised by the founding of the quot;American Dreamquot; -- the belief that anyone can, and should, achieve material success. The defining writer of the 1920s was F. Scott Fitzgerald whose most famous novel, The Great Gatsby, has become required reading for present-day high school students. We study Fitzgeralds novel for the same reason we study Shakespeare. The literature composed by both authors contains themes and morals that continue to be relevantRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds American Dream Essay1643 Words   |  7 Pageswould never be so happy again.†(Fitzgerald). F. Scott Fitzgerald was born on September 24, 1896 in St. Paul, Minnesota, into a very prestigious, catholic family. Edward, his father, was from Maryland, and had a strong allegiance to the Old South and its values. Fitzgerald’s mother, Mary, was the daughter of an Irish immigrant who became wealthy as a wholesale grocer in St. Paul. His upbringing, affected much of his writing career. Half the time F. Scott Fitzgerald thought of himself as the â€Å"heirRead MoreThe American Dream Through The Eyes Of F. Scott Fitzgerald1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream Through the Eyes of F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby has been criticized, cited, and known as one of the greatest works of American Literature. With numerous themes and focuses, one of the most valuable is represented in the American Dream and how F. Scott Fitzgerald analyzes his idea of this concept. The American Dream is a concept centering on successes in many terms, such as wealth and social standing. These successes are achieved through hardRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1672 Words   |  7 Pages2017 Dreams of the Corrupted When corruption is thought of one could often think of a fat, greedy old man taking the wealth of citizens. However, that is not the only form of corruption. Many forms of corrupt individuals are prevalent throughout the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Corruption is shown through the characters as they pursue their version of the American Dream. However, the pursuit of the American Dream does not entail happiness, for the needs of the corrupt can neverRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1412 Words   |  6 Pages Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby showcases the American society during the Roaring 1920s. During this time period many longed to be rich and become a member of the upper class. It became one’s dream to obtain good social standing rather than to achieve freedom and happiness. Fitzgerald creates characters, such as Daisy Buchanan and Jay Gatsby, who are more concerned with wealth than what truly makes t hem happy in life. Therefore, many perceive the theme of this novelRead MoreDestruction of Dreams, Failure of Dreamers in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby1489 Words   |  6 Pages Jay Gatsby, the protagonist of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, is used to contrast a real American dreamer against what had become of American society during the 1920s.   By magnifying the tragic fate of dreamers, conveying that twenties America lacked the substance to fulfill dreams and exposing the shallowness of Jazz-Age Americans, Fitzgerald foreshadows the destruction of his own generation. The beauty and splendor of Gatsbys parties masked the innate corruption within theRead MoreSymbolisms in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay846 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolisms in novels are as memorable as the green light in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Shining at the end of Daisy’s dock, it is close enough to be seen, but too far away to be reached. Still, Gatsby, an eternal optimist, stares at it at night, as if it showed him that all his far-away dreams were about to come true. The green light in The Great Gatsby is symbolic of hope, a source of inspiration, and a representation of the American Dream to Gatsby and to the novel’s readers. Gatsby’s aspirationsRead MoreThe Decay of American Dream in The Great Gatsby1289 Words   |  6 PagesThe Decay of American Dream in The Great Gatsby The American Dream is a worldwide known idiom and it emphasizes an ideal of a successful and happy lifestyle which is oftentimes symbolized by the phrase â€Å"from rags-to-riches†. It originated out of the ideal of equality, freedom and opportunity that is held to every American. In the last couple of decades the main idea of the American Dream has shifted to becoming a dream in which materialistic values are of a higher importance and status. TheRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Character Analysis1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe stereotypical American Dream is being wealthy and successful, living in a nice house with a family. Once a person experiences this American dream, he or she becomes greedy and unscrupulous. This is evident in The Great Gatsby through the insights and backstories sprinkled intermittently through the novel. As the story begins it is clear that Tom Buchanan wants women other than his wife, Jay Gatsby wants to rekindle his relationship with Daisy Buchanan, and Da isy Buchanan just wants to be loved

Oscar Micheaux and Black American Cinema Essay Example For Students

Oscar Micheaux and Black American Cinema Essay In early American film, African-Americans were portrayed in a very offensive and racist way. An example of this is in D. W. Griffith’s 1915 film, The Birth of a Nation. This film is what helped spark the beginning of Black American Cinema. An African-American director named Oscar Micheaux responded to Griffith’s film and created many films portraying African-Americans as being perfectly normal and realistic. This paper will discuss how Micheaux changed the way African-Americans were portrayed in cinema and how he helped start Black American Cinema. This can be seen by studying some of Micheaux’s earliest films including: The Homesteader (1919), Within Our Gates (1920), and Veiled Aristocrats (1932). D. W. Griffith’s 1915 film, The Birth of a Nation was very controversial because of the way black men were portrayed. There is a scene in which a black man attempts to rape a white woman. This scene tries to make black men seem evil and dangerous. Also all of the black men in the film are shown to be very unintelligent. Mainstream film companies portrayed black men largely as humorous objects – dim witted, slow moving, shiftless caricatures who would not threaten mainstream audiences (Butters 5). Many of the actors were not even black. A lot of the actors were white men dressed in blackface. This film also shows the Ku Klux Klan as being the good guys of the story and also being heroic. â€Å"A deeply racist film glorifying the Ku Klux Klan, The Birth of a Nation was bitterly attacked on its release by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and its allies† (Stokes 20). This film caused many African-Americans to protest the film. There were race riots and protests in many urban cities. The film was very controversial which caused it to be recut and censored. â€Å"Repeatedly recut by censors who deemed the harrowing sequences of lynching and attempted rape too incendiary in the wake of the Chicago race riots of 1919† (Zimmermann 122). This film was a prime example of the racism that existed during this time period. The African-American Civil Rights Movement didnt start until the mid 1950s and even after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 there is still racism in the world. Oscar Micheaux was a very important figure in the starting of Black American Cinema. He made films that depicted black men as being intelligent and educated. â€Å"Throughout the silent era, Micheaux created cinematic portrayals of African-American manhood that stood in sharp contrast to Hollywood’s depictions† (Butters 5). Micheaux’s films along with films made through the Lincoln Motion Picture Company were what started Black American Cinema. The Northern urban cities were the first places that had theaters that catered to black audiences. These theaters were owned and built by African-Americans. The North and Midwest cities are where a large portion of southern blacks migrated. Chicago is where most of the race movies begun. Oscar Micheaux’s films were extremely controversial. In some countries, his films were heavily censored or even banned. â€Å"Swedish censors notoriously edited out violence and harsh language. They did not do this in order to prevent riots, but with the notion that such expressions would harm the morality of youth, women, and members of the working class† (Gustafsson 32). The reason Micheaux’s films were so important was because of the way he portrayed African-Americans. In most of Micheaux’s films, he portrays the world in the way he thinks is accurate. Oscar Micheaux’s first film was called The Homesteader. It was actually based on a book he had written with the same name. This film is thought to be the first film to have been created with an all black cast and crew. Micheaux was going to have the film produced through the Lincoln Motion Picture Company, but he wanted more control of the film. .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .postImageUrl , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:hover , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:visited , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:active { border:0!important; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:active , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American Photographer and Artist EssayHe decided to establish his own film and book publishing company. It was called The Micheaux Film and Book Publishing Corporation. The Homesteader was well-received and resulted in launching Micheaux’s new career as a filmmaker. In The Homesteader, Micheaux’s goal in this film was to show African-Americans that it was very possible for them to become successful. Micheaux attempted to demonstrate the qualities needed to be a successful black man (Butters 6). The film also depicts an interracial romance, in which was very controversial at the time. Micheaux didnt try to make black people inferior to white people in his films. Instead he tried to show what he thought was the realistic representation. â€Å"Whereas most other race films displayed a highly idealized image of black people, Micheaux represented African-American life as he saw it, with representations of both good and bad† (Gustafsson 32). This film was the start of Black American Cinema and the film industry now became very segregated. Oscar Micheaux’s most important film was called Within Our Gates (1920). It is Micheaux’s second film and is actually the oldest surviving film that was made by a black director. It was a direct response to Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation. Within Our Gates is a representation of the injustices that African-Americans faced in the very racist society of the time. It shows white supremacy and racial violence. â€Å"A powerful and enlightening cultural document and a landmark film, Within Our Gates is no less relevant today than it was in 1920. It resonates and reverberates with racial profiling, defunding of education, diaspora, the War on Terror† (Zimmermann 122). The film shows a lot of lynching, which made southern white people look terrible and inhumane. The film does the exact opposite of what The Birth of a Nation did. It depicts a white man attempting to sexually assault a black woman. Micheaux wanted to express the fact that it was more likely for a white person to do harm to a black person. This film helped express the struggles African-Americans had to face because of racism. Micheaux’s films were shot using very impressive camera and editing techniques. The editing and camera work was very well done and could compete with Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation. â€Å"Within Our Gates also counters The Birth of a Nation in the politics of its aesthetics, specifically in its very different use of parallel editing† (Siomopoulos 111). Another important race film that Micheaux created was Veiled Aristocrats. This film depicts racism by showing that light-skinned people are treated better compared to dark-skinned people. The main protagonist of the film is an African-American that is fairly light-skinned. This allows him to pass as a white man and allows to him to be successful. The plot of this story is very creative because it shows a different type of discrimination. Even though the main characters are in fact African-American, they are actually prejudice toward dark-skinned black people. Micheaux shows how people with mixed-race heritage also struggled. The ending of the story promotes racial equality and shows interracial couples as being perfectly normal. Micheaux expresses racial equality through this film and promotes civil rights. Micheaux was the first African-American to create a film. He was also the first African-American to create a film that was shown in white movie theaters. This shows how his films were revolutionary. By creating very well made films and portraying black people in a realistic way, Micheaux played a huge role in the advancement of the African-American culture. Black American Cinema in a way pushed segregation, which does not promote racial equality, but by making films that portray African-Americans as equal did a lot to help. In the whole experience of the race there has been no aid to visualization comparable to the cinema† (Siomopoulos 113). Micheaux’s films helped African-Americans find ways to battle racism. Black American Cinema became a key factor in racial equality. â€Å"Movie theaters were important sites of black urban culture, where African Americans could both engage in mass culture and adapt it to the needs of the black community, especially through the live musical performances that would accompany the films† (Siomopoulos 113). Racism has always been a serious problem in society. .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .postImageUrl , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:hover , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:visited , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:active { border:0!important; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:active , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The James Bond films EssayToday racism still exists, but it is not nearly as common. Oscar Micheaux was the first African-American to create a film and he helped start the Black American Cinema movement. By studying his films: The Homesteader (1919), Within Our Gates (1920), and Veiled Aristocrats (1932) it is obvious that he played a huge role in changing the way African-Americans were portrayed in films. By moving away from the terrible black stereotypes, Oscar Micheaux created films that really contributed to an attempt of racial equality. Bibliography: Butters, Gerald R., Jr. Homestead to Lynch Mob: Portrayals of Black Masculinity. The Journal for MultiMedia History 3 (2000): 1-18. Web. Gustafsson, Tommy. The Visual Re-Creation Of Black People In A White Country: Oscar Micheaux And Swedish Film Culture In The 1920S. Cinema Journal 4 (2008): 30. Literature Resource Center. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. â€Å"Oscar Devereaux Micheaux.† Bio, AE Television Networks, 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. Siomopolous, Anna. The Birth Of A Black Cinema: Race, Reception, And Oscar Micheauxs Within Our Gates. Moving Image 2 (2006): 111. Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. Stokes, Melvyn. Race, Politics, And Censorship: D. W. Griffiths The Birth Of A Nation In France, 1916-1923. Cinema Journal 1 (2010): 19. Literature Resource Center. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. Zimmermann, Patricia. Revisiting And Remixing Black Cinema. Moving Image 2 (2006): 119. Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.

analysis essays

analysis essays We the people - How far should we take it. It is our government, our state, what the people say should be law, as long as certain inalienable rights are observed. In 2002, a referendum was placed on the Florida ballot stating the State would build a mass transit sytem "Bullet Train"..The destination would be from Tampa to Orlando. The next "leg" would be to Miami. Florida voters overwhelmingly passed the bullet train referendum two years ago. Now the legislators are trying to take it away. Are they not our elected representatives? Should they not heed the wishes of the people? Unfortunately, the Florida Legislature has not appropriated any money for this project. They have stated there is not enough money in the budget. They are trying to get it back on the ballot in hopes it will be defeated. Many mistakes were made in 2002 when the initiative was placed on the ballot. No funds were provided and those voting for it had no idea what it would cost the taxpayers. Now as the cartoon shows, the legislature is attempting to crush the "sand train." Both the legislators and the voters should learn a lesson - know what you are voting for and who you are voting for. The wave will crush the bullet train, but the concept could still be kept alive if the Florida voters are given enough information to vote intelligently. The young child in the picture illustrates the future that belongs to our youth. Should progress prevail or should we stagnate our human resources? Florida has a very complex governmental system. We must look at the responsibilities of the people and of our legislature. ...

How Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip Are Related

How Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip Are Related Like many royal couples, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip are distantly related through their royal ancestors. The practice of marrying within royal bloodlines has become less common as royaltys power is lessened. But so many in the royal family are related to each other, it would have been difficult for Princess Elizabeth to find an unrelated partner. Heres how Britains longest-reigning queen and her husband, Philip, are related. Did You Know? Elizabeth and Philip are third cousins through Queen Victoria and are also second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark. Background of the Royal Couple When Elizabeth and Philip were both born, it seemed unlikely that they would one day become the most prominent royal couple in modern history. Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, as Queen Elizabeth was named when she was born in London on April 21, 1926, was third in line for the throne behind both her father George VI and his older brother who would become Edward VIII. Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark didnt even have a country to call home. He and the royal family of Greece were exiled from that nation shortly after his birth in Corfu on June 10, 1921. Elizabeth and Philip met several times as children. They became romantically involved as young adults while Philip was serving in the British Navy during World War II. The couple announced their engagement in June 1947, and Philip renounced his royal title, converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and became a British citizen. He also changed his surname from Battenburg to Mountbatten, honoring his British heritage on his mothers side. Philip was granted the title of Duke of Edinburgh and the style of His Royal Highness on his marriage, by his new father-in-law, George VI. Queen Victoria Connection Elizabeth and Philip are third cousins through Queen Victoria of Britain, who ruled from 1837 to 1901; she was their great-great-grandmother. Philip is descended from Queen Victoria via maternal lines: Philips mother was Princess Alice of Battenburg (1885–1969), who was born at Windsor Castle. Princess Alices husband was Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (1882–1944).Princess Alices mother was Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine (1863–1950). Princess Victoria was married to Prince Louis of Battenberg  (1854–1921).Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine was the daughter of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (1843–1878).Princess Alices mother was Queen Victoria (1819–1901). She married  Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819–1861) in 1840. Elizabeth is a direct descendant of Queen Victoria through paternal lines: Elizabeths father was  George VI  (1895–1952). He married  Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon  (1900–2002) in 1925.George VIs father was  George V  (1865–1936). He married Mary of Teck (1867–1953) in 1893, a German princess raised in England.George Vs father was  Edward VII  (1841–1910).  He married Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925), a Danish princess.Edward VIIs mother was  Queen Victoria  (1819–1901). She married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819–1861) in 1840. Connection Through King Christian IX of Denmark Elizabeth and Philip are also second cousins, once removed, through King Christian IX of Denmark, who ruled from 1863 to 1906. Prince Philips father is a descendant of Christian IX: Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark  was Philips father. He was married to Princess Alice of Battenburg, listed above.George  I of Greece (1845–1913) was Prince Andrews father. He married Olga Constantinova of Russia (1851–1926) in 1867.Christian IX of Denmark (1818–1906) was George Is father. He married Louise of Hesse-Kassel (1817–1898) in 1842. Queen Elizabeths father was also a descendant of Christian IX: George VI, Elizabeths father, was the son of George V.George Vs mother was Alexandra of Denmark.Alexandras father was Christian IX. Queen Elizabeths connection to Christian IX comes through her paternal grandfather, George V, whose mother was Alexandra of Denmark. Alexandras father was King Christian IX.   More Royal Relations Queen Victoria was related to her husband, Prince Albert, as first cousins and also third cousins once removed.  They had a fertile family tree, and many of their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren married into other royal families of Europe. Britains King Henry VIII (1491–1547) was married six times. All six of his wives could claim descent through Henrys ancestor, Edward I (1239–1307). Two of his wives were royal, and the other four were from the English nobility. King Henry VIII is Elizabeth IIs first cousin, 14 times removed. In the Habsburg royal family, intermarriage among close relatives was very common.  Philip II of Spain  (1572–1598), for instance, was married four times; three of his wives were related closely to him by blood. The family tree of Sebastian of Portugal (1544–1578) illustrates how intermarried the Habsburgs were: he had only four great-grandparents instead of the usual eight. Manuel I of Portugal  (1469–1521) married women who were related to each other; their descendants then intermarried.

For this week's discussion you will explore macros and security Assignment

For this week's discussion you will explore macros and security features provided by MS Word - Assignment Example The macro can also be used to highlight a particular text or word and then use ‘macro’ to navigate it to definition or detailed information. In addition, Macro can also be used to add more detail to a particular text or event mentioned in the document. U.S Department of Energy Computer Incident Advisory Capability defines, â€Å"Macro Virus’ as a piece of self-replicating code written in an application’s macro language† (Salomon, 2010). Macro Virus affects the entire document, therefore, if any document that has Macro Virus shall be replace with a new document. It can be prevented through using digital signatures and updating software on a regular basis (Salomon, 2010). The virus can affect the entire document and you may loose the entire information, the entire file, template or document may get corrupted and causing a series of automatic destructive actions to your

Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Term Paper Example As we watched the â€Å"Dead Poets Society†, I remembered having been classically conditioned by a familiar emotion that struck when Robin Williams who played the role of the teacher acted differently and seemed to establish a peculiar authority in the class. Though the raising of his voice in the film pertains to his poetic stance, it is a stimuli that triggered some fright in my senses which, in truth, has often been caught by terror teachers during my early days in school. By classical conditioning, thus, my unconditional response (UR), apparently, was the outcome of how Robin Williams reminded me of a familiar awful setting. Concentrating on the poignant scenes, I could not help imagine myself if I, like the main characters were torn between idealism and realism – the themes for which the thalamus of my brain collaborated with the amygdala in making me realize that it was emotionally tough to choose considering that perceptions even beyond actual encounter can affec t consciousness in an inevitable manner. That moment, we came by the essence of creative and appreciative form of learning especially on finding ourselves well delighted on the opening of DPS meeting held in a secret place where the young poets, as depicted in the movie, read a passage of thought by Henry David Thoreau. At this stage, our limbic systems were almost in full control of the moment with so much intellectual sensations taking place that my friend even dared me to compose a poem afterwards. I must admit that time I was still at the height of poetic intoxication so I accepted the challenge with excited neurons. Even if I did not know how to write a poem then firsthand, I could sense having an operant behavior in an atmosphere filled with literary influence which nourished me with the consequence to maintain the growing passion to discern the mystery of poetics and become a poet for some time. This way, operant conditioning developed in me the capacity to connect and seek p rofound relevance in the intrinsic nature of poetry and the beauty of its language. My neocortex could have operated to its full measure as I thought of the first figurative words of an attempted free verse. The poem I came up with did not follow strict metric pattern but certainly, it received the utmost approval of my friend for bearing the intended fluidity throughout the piece besides the harmony of elements such as imagery and symbolism. With the combined observational and operant approach, even in the absence of proper academic circumstances, I met with the success of being able to write a poem with the friend and the movie that served as tools of learning at the time. It would not have been less difficult without the aid of the frontal lobe that functioned adequately for me to have logic drawn from the intrinsic nature of love for words and speech. When I recited my composition, I was grateful that my cerebellum had a good management of my locomotion for each projected gestur e was quite synchronized with my utterances of the poesy. Compare / Contrast Between Sensations and Perceptions Normally, sensations are first to take place when sensory organs receive energy signals from the material stimuli of the environment as well

Why Is Glacier Equilibrium Line Altitude Important Environmental Sciences Essay

Why Is Glacier Equilibrium Line Altitude Important Environmental Sciences Essay Explain With Examples Why the Glacier Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) Is Of Such Key Importance for the Glacier-Climate Relationship. Palaeoclimatic reconstructions based on the limits of former glaciers use estimates of the associated equilibrium line altitudes (Benn and Gemmell 1997). The equilibrium line altitude is defined as the elevation at which mass balance is equal, where accumulation of snow is exactly balanced by ablation over a period of a year (Hoinkes, 1970) meaning that mass balance and the equilibrium line altitude for individual glaciers are usually strongly correlated (Braithwaite and Raper 2010). Therefore there is a very close connection between the Equilibrium Line Altitude and local climate, providing an important indicator of glacier response to climate change and hence allowing for reconstructions of former climates and the prediction of future glacier behaviour (Benn and Lehmkuhl, 2000). In order to truly understand the, often complicated, relationship between a glaciers equilibrium line altitude and the corresponding climate of the local area, definitions of mass balance, accumulation and ablation area and the equilibrium line altitude, must be initially discussed. The ablation area is the lower region of a glacier where snow loss (ablation) exceeds snowfall. The melting of the glacier and the calving of icebergs is the major form of ablation, expressed quantitatively as units of water equivalent, given in meters (Braithwaite 2002). The accumulation area is the upper region of a glacier where snow accumulation exceeds melting. A simplified description in the identification of a cirque depicts the area being an arm chair-shaped bowl (Flint 1971) with the headwall exceeding 35 degrees and the arcuate floor underachieving 20 degrees (Evans 1977). Accumulation occurs mostly through snowfall whether it is direct or blown from neighbouring plateaus and summits. The equilibrium line altitude (ELA) is the boundary between the ablation area and the accumulation area, the elevation at which mass balance is equal, where accumulation of snow is exactly balanced by ablation over a period of a year (Hoinkes 1970). Glacier mass balance is the total difference between the gains and losses over a given period of time, for example a calculation of positive mass, explains that the glacier is gaining mass overall and a negative calculation when the glacier is being seen as losing mass (Benn and Evans 1997). On many glaciers, the amount of annual ablation and accumulation varies systematically with altitude, although this simple pattern is often complicated by local influences. Glacier mass balance reflects the climate of the region in which the glacier is situated together with site specific glacier morphology and local topographic setting. The idea of mass balance is therefore an important link between climatic inputs and glacier behaviour allowing the advance and retreat of many glaciers to be understood in terms of region or global climatic change. Because the equilibrium line is the place where annual accumulation totals exactly balance ablation totals, the ELA is closely connected with local climate, particularly precipitation and air temperatures, being highly sensitive to perturbations in either of these 2 variables, with rises in response to decreasing snowfall and/or increasing frequency of positive air temperatures and vice versa (Benn and Evans 1997). Perhaps the best illustration of glacier-climate interaction is the relationship between the net balance and the ELA. When the annual mass balance of the glacier as a whole is negative the ELA rises, and when the balance is positive, the ELA falls. Variations in the altitude of the equilibrium line on a particular glacier, therefore, can be used as an indicator of climatic fluctuations (Kuhn, 1981). It is useful to specify the climate at the ELA as some unique combination of precipitation and temperature. (Benn and Evans) If a climate change occurs that increases the mass balance the glacier will advance, in an attempt to reach a new equilibrium position. The surplus of accumulation that exists must be balanced by an increase in ablation, which is accomplished by expanding the low-elevation terminus zone of the ablation area. If a climate change occurs that overall reduces the mass balance, the glacier will retreat in an attempt to achieve equilibrium. The retreat will reduce the area of the glacier in the lowest elevation terminus area where ablation is highest. If by retreat mass balance equilibrium is reached the glacier will cease retreating. However, the definition of the ELA initially does not imply that the glacier is in equilibrium and therefore the glacier may be gaining or losing mass on an annual basis. The ELA value associated with zero annual mass balance for the whole glacier is known as the steady-state ELA. When the annual ELA coincides with the steady-state ELA, ice mass and geometry are in equilibrium with climate, and the glacier will neither grow nor shrink. (Benn and Lehmkuhl 2000) However, majority of individual glacier ELAs deviate significantly from local climate ideals due, for example, to patterns of shading and snow redistribution by wind and avalanching. The main variables affecting mass balance at the ELA are winter precipitation (accumulation) and summer temperatures (ablation). A strong relationship exists between summer temperature and precipitation at the ELA of modern glaciers and this has been shown empirically by Ohmura et al. (1992) for 70 glaciers worldwide. Ohmura et al. found that winter accumulation plus summer precipitation (= annual precipitation) had a close relationship with summer temperature (Jun/July/Aug) However, Hughes and Braithwaite (2008) showed that the relationship between accumulation and summer temperature at the glacier ELA was more complicated with annual temperature range playing an important role. They continued to show that because of the role of annual temperature range, there must be a relationship between annual mean temperature and accumulation on a glacier Within the following pages the focus develops upon tropical glaciers in the Andes range, due to their particular degree of variance along latitude in relation to the zero degree isotherm. The difference between the ELA and 0 °C isotherm is a good indicator of the sensitivity of tropical glaciers to climatic global warming. It rises significantly from below zero meters in the inner tropics to several hundred metres in the outer tropics. From below zero degrees: the 0 °C isotherm is above the ELA (Kaser and George 1997). Thus, glaciers in the outer tropics may be more easily affected by changes in precipitation as it governs the albedo and radiation balance. The outer tropics and inner tropics vary significantly regarding this, illustrating the extent of variability of glacier-climate relationships. Within the Peruvian Andes, mass accumulation takes place only during the wet season and predominately in the upper parts of the glaciers, whereas ablation occurs throughout the whole ye ar. Thus, the vertical budget gradient is much stronger on tropical tongues than on those in mid latitudes (Lliboutry, morales and Schneider, 1997). Consequently under equilibrium conditions, tropical ablation areas are markedly smaller and the accumulation area ratio (AAR) has to be considered larger than in mid latitudes (Kaser and George 1997). (Benn et al 2005) Glaciers of the tropics and subtropics inhabit high altitudes and differ in important ways from mid-and high-latitude glaciers in lower topographic settings. Consequently the methods used to reconstruct and interpret former glacier equilibrium line altitudes in low altitude regions need to be tailored to local conditions, as methods and protocols developed for other settings may not be appropriate. Annual variations in mean daily temperatures are smaller than diurnal temperatures ranges. This constancy in the mean daily temperatures in the topics means that the 0 degree Celsius atmospheric isotherm maintains a fairly constant altitude and ablation occurs on the lower parts of glaciers all year. Vertical mass balance profiles are also influenced by climatic setting. In the humid tropics ablation gradients tend to be steeper than in drier environments, due to altitudinal variations in the amount of snow, sleet and rain falling on the ablation zone during the wet months. Thus the mass balance profiles of tropical glaciers tend to exhibit a sharper inflection at the equilibrium line than those of mid latitudes glaciers. The accurate reconstruction of past ELAs requires that the extent and morphology of the former glaciers can be accurately determined. Furthermore the age of the reconstructed glacier needs to be determined to enable researchers to use the ELAs as proxies for past climatic conditions (Benn 2005). The simplest assumption is that all ELA can be attributed to changes in temperature, which can be estimated by using an assumed average environmental lapse rate in the atmosphere. However, if there were associated changes in precipitation, the estimated temperature change would be different. The point applies even in humid tropics. For example, Kaser and Osmaston 2002 found that 20th century changes in the ELAs of glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca cannot be determined by temperature changes alone, but were also influenced by changes in humidity. However, the difficulty of separating out the temperature and precipitation signals need not negate the usefulness of ELA in providing palaeoclimatic information. Glaciers of the Peruvian Cordillera Blanca region represent more than 25% of all tropical glaciers with the 260 glaciers stretching for 130km, reaching 6000m level at several summits. The climate is characterised by small seasonal but large daily temperature variations and the alteration of a pronounced dry season and wet season bringing 70-80% of the annual precipitation. ELA recordings were taken for the 1930s and 1950s on the massif of Santa Cruz, Alpamayo, Pucahirca, in the northern part of the cordillera Blanca by Kaser and George in 1997. The Accumulation Area method was utilised to determine the mean ELA, results highlighting a general reduction of precipitation amounts, mainly during the wet season and therefore a reduction in accumulation. A vertical shift of 35 to 58 meters was also observed a significant rise showing glacier shrinkage and tongue retreat. It is suggested that a reduction in air humidity and its effect on the above mentioned atmospheric circulation system i s the main reason for this determined retreat of the glaciers between 1930 and 1950 as it influences the mass balance in various respects. Furthermore, the rise of the ELA shows different values across the Santa Cruz Pucahirca massif. Concluding, Kaser and George (1997) notify the reader that a combination of spatially uniform rising in air temperature and a decrease in air humidity with spatially different effects has to be taken into account as a cause for the glacier retreat between 1930 and 1950. A second case study, located between 8.5 and 9 °N, the Cordillera de Merida within the Venezuelan Andes, a region within the tropics, which possesses evidence suggesting glacial ice coverage was abundant in the past. Three geographic sub-regions were studied by Schubert (1984) with the view to reconstruct 9 palaeoglaciers. Two methods to determine ELA were used to develop paleoclimatic assumptions: Accumulation Area Ratio method and the Accumulation Area Balance Ratio. The above methods enabled the approximation of ELA during the LGM (last glacial maximum). Results acquired from the study were that the ELA of the individual glaciers lowered in response to decreased air temperatures and increased snow during the LGM. The in depth Investigation revealed the ELA of the 9 observed glaciers would have experienced a lowering of roughly 850-1420m throughout the LGM, coinciding with decreased air temperatures. The palaeoglacier reconstruction demonstrated the spatial extent to which the eq uilibrium line altitude is susceptible to change in response to climatic changes within the Cordillera de Merida. Conclusions implied a support towards a later proposition that a glaciers ELA is closely connected with the surrounding local climate (Benn and Lehmkuhl 2000). The following final case study locates within the Cordillera Real and Cordillera de Quimsa Cruz, in the Bolivian Andes, due to the low latitude, glaciation within the area is reduced and glaciers are small (80% cover less than 0.5  km ²). Within the study Rabatel et al (2008) 15 proglacial margins were investigated, leading to a further reduction of 10 principle moraines being identified that mark the successive positions of glaciers over the last four centuries. The ELA was determined on each glacier using the Accumulation Area Ratio method. The reconstruction of the glacier ELA and observations of any changes in mass balance, Rabatel et al (2998) expressed that glacier maximum may be due to a 20 to 30% increase in precipitation and a 1.1 to 1.2 degrees Celsius decrease in temperature compared with present conditions. Increasing accumulation of snow above the ELA suggests snowfalls have a strong influence on the net radiative balance in the ablation zone via the albedo. The rese archers continue to explain that within the early 18th century, glaciers began to retreat at varying rates until the late 19th to early 20th century; this trend was generally associated with decreasing accumulation rates. By contrast, glacier recession in the 20th century was mainly the consequence of an increase in temperature and humidity. Although the ELA of a glacier, past or present can be a first-rate proxy for the glacier-climate relationship, the methodology chosen can greatly effect the interpretation of the results. Different reconstruction methods of changes in ELA may produce a range of results for the same glacier and therefore inconsistent and unreliable conclusions will be inferred. Ramage et al (2005) compared ELA reconstruction methods within the Junà ­n Plain in the central Peruvian Andes. Descriptions of each method were given and limitations were highlighted. The Toe-to-Headwall Altitude Ration method, a commonly used method due to its relative ease of determining ELAs using map data, expressed that low errors were still evident. The Accumulation Area Ratio method: based on the empirically derived ratio of accumulation area to total area of glacier, however, AARs are likely to be highly variable between glaciers even within small regions, depending on the extent and distribution of debris cover in th e ablation area, and the relative importance of direct snowfall and avalanching as mechanisms of accumulation (Benn and Lehmkuhl 2000) A more accurate method of palaeo ELA calculation is the Furbish and Andrews (1984) Accumulation Area Balance Ratio a method developed due to the inconsistencies within the AAR not accounting for altitudinal distribution of a glaciers surface area. Therefore, this method can be used to derive ELA under assumed steady-state conditions and uses an idealised linear mass balance curve to calculate ELA. Ramage et al (2005) concluded that the methods did not greatly differ for this region and morphology, yet each method possessed different correlation values. The relationships between climate, glaciers and topography are, however, not those of simple cause and effect but are characterized by interdependence. They are also scale and time-dependent in that as a glacier grows it increasingly modifies its climate and the topography (Sutherland 1984). In addition Hodge et al (1998) suggests that although the ELA is a phenomenal proxy for determining glacier climate relationships, it can unfortunately be influenced by other non-climatic factors; for example avalanche, topographic variances and debris fall (Hodge et al 1998). Avalanche can equal increased accumulation, thus a positive mass balance equating to an ELA fall. This can occur regardless of climatic influence; therefore the resulting ELA may not give a 100% accurate representation of the glacier-climate relationship. Smith et al (2005) argues further, that reconstructed tropical LGM ELA lowering may be due to local enhancing factors not solely climate. Additionally, glacier melting, co upled with avalanches, climate and local geographic topography may distort the observed ELA with reference to climatic impact therefore not 100% accurate for indicating glacier-climate relationship. In addition to the ELA other variables have been measured that allow inferences to be made about the relationship between glaciers and the associated past climate. Radiation is a major component in the ablation of ice from glaciers and the effectiveness of radiation on a glacier is a function of the aspect, slope and nature of the snow or ice cover of the glacier surface as well as latitude, date and time of day (Sutherland 1984). Various energy-balance models (Williams, 1975; 1979; Kuhn, 1981) have been devised to model these factors and explain the distribution of present-day and former glaciers as well as investigate general glacier/climate relationships. In the South East Grampians, Sissons and Sutherland (1976) established that the deviation of one unit of the isolation factor from the local value for a horizontal glacier was equivalent to raising or lowering the ELA by 25 m, thus providing a physical link between the two variables. Studies of modern glaciers, particularly of the relationships between their mass balance and the local climate, have provided a sound physical basis on which past climates can be inferred from former glaciers. Studies of the mass balance of modern glaciers have indicated that the equilibrium line altitude is the most critical parameter in the link between glaciers and climate (Sutherland 1984). In relation to tropical glacier regions, sharp changes in the area of the 0 °C isotherm level, highlights the sensitivity of the ELA to climatic changes, posing the notion that to truly understand the complex association between the ELA and the glacier-climate relationship, knowledge on its relative position to the 0 °c level is required. Furthermore, it is safe to assume that the ELA to some extent is a good indicator of climatic change especially in relation to tropical glaciers which have a greater degree of sensitivity to climate. However, it must be noted that there are non-climatic i nfluences upon the calculated ELA for any glacier, past or present and therefore the glacier-climate relationship is a far more complex issue to observe and understand.

Comics: A Better Means To An Artistic End Essays -- Argumentative Pers

Comics: A Better Means To An Artistic End If a line of symmetry were to be drawn down the center of the paper, it would seem that each character rests within his environment about to collide with the other. Even without words, a vivid story begins to formulate in my mind, and hopefully I share the artist's vision. Comic book art is the Pez dispenser of modernism. The aesthetics of this accessible medium walk side by side with pop culture. No other art form can reach so many people due to its incredible volume. Each Wednesday of every week brings new issues of titles that have been in circulation for decades. Despite the vast numbers that arrive at retailers each month and the respect they sometimes receive (like Art Speigelman's Pulitzer Prize winning Maus), comics are under appreciated in the literary world, but why? They use a clever organization of symbols to express concepts shared by all people in their own social environment, and provide more tools than conventional art to truly show artistic intention. Comic artists choose to express personal thought with universally complex themes through a symbolic medium. No one refutes the idea that comics do not demonstrate realistic form. Comic artists do not attempt to portray the simple beauty of the natural world; rather, they try to relate a universal idea with a stylistic approach. Magritte's painting of a pipe with the inscription, "this is not a pipe," at the bottom demonstrates the way in which comic books are misunderstood. In his explanation of the art form, Scott McCloud uses pictures of various characters following Magritte's structure. For example, he draws a picture of a cow and states that "this is not a cow" (McCloud 26). The pictures only resemble what we a... ... connection. A conventional expressionist must assume that the observer realizes the purpose of his or her art. Many people see a portrait as just a portrait, when the mood and the intricate detail of the face add to its meaning. Comics, on the other hand, are expected to be symbols enveloped in a detailed history that replaces the wobbling bridge between reader and artist with a strong one suspended by invisible messages from creator to potential viewer, messages anyone can see. Works Cited Carrier, David. The Aesthetics of Comics. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000. Crain, Dale, ed. Batman: Black and White. New York: DC Comics, 1998. McCloud, Scott. Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art. New York: Harper Perennial, 1993. Thompson, Don, and Dick Lupoff, eds. The Comic-Book Book. New York: Arlington House, 1973. Comics: A Better Means To An Artistic End Essays -- Argumentative Pers Comics: A Better Means To An Artistic End If a line of symmetry were to be drawn down the center of the paper, it would seem that each character rests within his environment about to collide with the other. Even without words, a vivid story begins to formulate in my mind, and hopefully I share the artist's vision. Comic book art is the Pez dispenser of modernism. The aesthetics of this accessible medium walk side by side with pop culture. No other art form can reach so many people due to its incredible volume. Each Wednesday of every week brings new issues of titles that have been in circulation for decades. Despite the vast numbers that arrive at retailers each month and the respect they sometimes receive (like Art Speigelman's Pulitzer Prize winning Maus), comics are under appreciated in the literary world, but why? They use a clever organization of symbols to express concepts shared by all people in their own social environment, and provide more tools than conventional art to truly show artistic intention. Comic artists choose to express personal thought with universally complex themes through a symbolic medium. No one refutes the idea that comics do not demonstrate realistic form. Comic artists do not attempt to portray the simple beauty of the natural world; rather, they try to relate a universal idea with a stylistic approach. Magritte's painting of a pipe with the inscription, "this is not a pipe," at the bottom demonstrates the way in which comic books are misunderstood. In his explanation of the art form, Scott McCloud uses pictures of various characters following Magritte's structure. For example, he draws a picture of a cow and states that "this is not a cow" (McCloud 26). The pictures only resemble what we a... ... connection. A conventional expressionist must assume that the observer realizes the purpose of his or her art. Many people see a portrait as just a portrait, when the mood and the intricate detail of the face add to its meaning. Comics, on the other hand, are expected to be symbols enveloped in a detailed history that replaces the wobbling bridge between reader and artist with a strong one suspended by invisible messages from creator to potential viewer, messages anyone can see. Works Cited Carrier, David. The Aesthetics of Comics. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000. Crain, Dale, ed. Batman: Black and White. New York: DC Comics, 1998. McCloud, Scott. Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art. New York: Harper Perennial, 1993. Thompson, Don, and Dick Lupoff, eds. The Comic-Book Book. New York: Arlington House, 1973.

Can built form influence social problems?

The concept of social problems is linked to a wide spectrum of contrasting definitions. Jerome G Monis defines it as â€Å"these social conditions identified by scientific enquiry and values as detrimental to human well-being†. On the other hand Malcom Spector and Jon I Kitsuse defined them as â€Å"the activities of individuals or groups making assertion of grievance and claims with respect to some putative conditions†. (http://syg2010-01.fa04.fsu.edu/Week_1.htm) Taking into consideration the different approaches to this debate the point that the main reason for people's behaviour is physical form can be argued. Urban form can be seen as one of the reason for social behaviour but to deny the influence of social, economical and political factors is to simplify the complexity of society and the different relationships within it. In any case both arguments will always be episodes in the long saga of traditional controversy. Social problems have been divided into 3 groups by Kenneth C Land (www.soc.duke.edu): Deviant behaviour, including drug and alcohol abuse, mental illness, crime and violence. Social inequality and conflict including aging, the ederly, racial and ethnics relations, the sexes and gender inequality, poverty and economic inequality and homelessness. Finally, human groups and social change which include the changes in the economy and workplace. The social problems that can be correlated directly to urban form are seen as the one under the social inequality category and antisocial behaviour. The line of thought that establishes that the built form influences directly to social problems has been named architectural determinism and assume that the layout and form of physical environment would shape, even determine the quality of social life. During the period following the Second World War the architects of the Bauhaus and architects such as Le Corbusier thought that they were in a position to alter society for the better through the medium of physical design. By design we understand the design of a whole town as well as the design of relatively small scale units. Maurice Broady described this as â€Å"the architects who builds a house or design a site plan who decides where the roads will and will not go and who decides which directions the houses will face and how close together they will be, also is, to a large extent, deciding the pattern of social life among the people who will live in these houses. It asserts that architectural design has a direct and determinate effect on the way people behave† ( Maurice Broady 1968 cited in Taylor, N, 1998). The case of the Business Academy located on Bexley and designed by Norman Foster can be an example of how a radical project has changed students behaviour towards education. Very different to the 1960's building where students use to attend lessons, the Academy is an open-plan where lessons are carried out in alcoves and where no division of spaces have been created. The Business Academy has been seen as a success where â€Å"the proportion of children at school achieving five good grades at GCSE has leapt from just 6% to 36%† (www.channel4.com/culture/microsites/b/building/shortlist.htm). The results of this achievement could change the life style of the generation of students attending lessons in the building. The improvement of the education can bring a change for better work opportunities for the students and at the same time will have an impact on the perception of one of London's most deprived areas. A building can also change the perception of the character of a city. Frank Gehry's Guggenheim Museum transformed Bilbao from an industrial Spanish Basque region to an international tourist destination. But is this, just the building form, which has made the difference? To resume the success of some enterprises or the failure of others in physical terms is to simplify the complexity of society. We can attribute the achievement of the Norman Fosters' project to the conjunction of a different kind of built environment, when compared with more traditional educative centres, and the introduction of new and innovative educational techniques. On the other hand the fact that such an important architect has designed a revolutionary building to be used as a school can have changed people's perception about education. It has built a sense of identity among the pupils and indirectly has lead them to improve their performance. On the other hand Guggenheim Museum has demonstrated the importance of power and identity. It has been part of the political strategy from an elite in order to change the image of one of the most problematic niches of nationalism in Spain, that is Bilbao. It does not only offer an optimistic view of the city but it also can be seen as the attempt of internationalisation of the Spanish culture after the cultural archaism of Francoism. It involves a tourist campaign which had the objective of promoting the city and radical regeneration projects which have improved the services and have transformed the vision of the city. Consequently, built form is only a minor reason for the development of social problems. Social problems find causes in social conditions. Giddens argues that â€Å"everyday lives are, of course, influenced, reproduced and changed by structures of social, economical and political power† (Giddens cited in Dickens 1990, pg 3) and it is extremely difficult to generalise about these affects. Physical space is socially constructed by people's perceptions. What Giddens calls Locales are spaces which â€Å"are indeed usually socially specified for some kinds of activities. Locales carry social meanings and symbols which are widely accepted and which considerably affect social relations† (Giddens cited in Dickens 1990, pg5). They affect how people interpret their own and people's circumstances. Physical space is socially constructed. There is a socially constructed perception in Britain about areas characterised by high, concrete, block of flats. This kind of housing has always been associated with high levels of graffiti, vandalism and litter. Alice Coleman argues â€Å"that vandalism take place in zones where residents are unable to keep a watch over who is entering or leaving their estates† (A. Coleman, 1985, pg158). They are seen as impersonal, stratified dwellings and undesiderable places to live. Crime, antisocial behaviour, unemployment, poverty and inequality are seen as distinctive features of these places. But factors such as poor services, no good transport links, authority government tenure and the meeting of several marginalised groups suffering from what Durkheim called anomya â€Å"condition or malaise in individuals, characterized by an absence or diminution of standards or values, and an associated feeling of alienation and purposeneless† (www.free-definition.com/Anomie.html) are ve ry relevant when considering the main reasons for this kind of problem. People who are not satisfied with society, who have not got the same access to commodities than the major part of the population and that experience from the indifference of institutions, which are characterised by low skill occupations, family disorganisation, poverty, illiteracy and racism suffers are grouped in this kind of residential development which are cheap to build and can accommodate a large number of people in minimal space. These people are the product of â€Å"exacerbation of a logic of economic and racist exclusion† (Savage, Warden & Ward, 2003, pg76). Again we can argue here whether the physical environment is the reason for these problems and again a new example contradicts the simplicity of the architectural determinism discourse. Spain, as almost all European cities is flat based. Almost 80% of the population in Spain live in flats. People in Spain have been brought up living in high density block of flats. The perception of people about living in this kind of housing is completely different to the British one. Being the common norm between the population it does not lead to any of the social problems described above. They are not associated to vandalism and poor quality accommodation. They are the standard residential housing where people live. The areas where vulnerable groups live are characterised by poor links of transport, no easy access to schools, located on the outskirts of the city and who residents are immigrants or part of a minor ethnic group. They are tenure tenants that lack sense of identity with the place where they live, lack of resources and are victims of some conditions that are made difficult to improve their situation. The areas where they live are characterised by the use of cheap materials and an even higher density than in other areas. Families live in small flats where they have to share rooms. The combination of all this features, together with the difficulties to establish zones of autonomy and self management is what, in Spain, generate major social problems and no the fact that people live in this type of housing. Even the new theories which aim to explain social change and society within the context of postmodernity claim that the city will evolve as mean of facilitating interpersonal communication â€Å"Although individuals live in a particular place and participate in community life in and around that place, it is interaction and not place that is the essence of life† (Clark, 2003, pg 139). Once again the importance of predominant social conditions over physical form are highlighted in order to understand the future of the cities or urban form and consequently its social costs. The global village is the sociological destination of the city. The power of media will spread urban values. Information, and no physical design, is being the basis for an explanation of the present and future society and of people way of living and behaviours. Information is the leviathan that will lead future changes and policies. Practically speaking in planning grounds, the future of the city is called â€Å"compact city† and will be the fruit of an urban renaissance supported by governments and elite groups. In its July 12 Spending Review the government announced â€Å"a 50% increase in new social house building†¦an extra 10,000 homes a year†¦and further plans to increase housing supply and improved affordability by funding the Sustainable Communities Plan to deliver 200,000 additional homes in the Thames Gateway and other growth areas† (http://global.factiva.com/en/arch/print-results.asp). The government has named this project urban renaissance and it involves the better use of buildings within developed land to accommodate about 3.8 million new households between 1996 and 2021 and to do this the government â€Å"supports the idea of the ‘compact city', that is a higher density, mixed use development on brownfield land close to public transport nodes† (Burton, 2002, pg 537). This encouraged urban renaissance will imply the adoption of high density constructions in order to satisfy the demand for new housing at minimal environmental costs and this means a high proportion of apartments and terrace houses. The benefits will be â€Å"the conservation of the countryside, less need to travel by car, thus reduced fuel emissions, support for public transport and walking and cycling, better access to services and facilities, more efficient utility and infrastructure provision and revitalisation and regeneration of inner urban areas† (Burton, 2002, pg 538). But which will be the social problems attributed to this new concept of housing form? According to Elisabeth Burton, nine social problems have been seen by population as are related to compactness (Burton, 2002, pg 547-548): * access to superstores * access to green open space * public transport use * extent of walking and cycling * amount of domestic living space * death rate from mental illness * crime * social segregation * death rate for respiratory disease. Again we can argue that although some of the social problems can be seen as a product of this kind of development they are not directly correlated to built form. The invocation of the high-rise horrors of post war urban Britain and the congested squalor of Victorian Britain is where Bowers see the root of this apprehension (Bowers cited in Jenks, Burton and Williams, 1996). For example the difficult access to services may find is cause in the increase in number of users within an area but may also be seen as lack of appropriate infrastructure and therefore a failure in developer and government's attempt of offering the necessary infrastructure for a new development. On the other hand, why does it promote crime and social segregation or how can it be associated to mental illness? When people live in close proximity they are more aware of the existence of neighbours and there are more opportunities to informally interact with your neighbours. The relationship between people living within flats is less gregarious. It also provides casual surveillance and respect for property. For designers and housing providers seeking to promote social equity, and according to the research developed by Elisabeth Burton, higher-density housing such apartments and terraces are the best form of housing, â€Å"especially if they are developed on derelict land in areas where there are plenty of locally-provided services and facilities† (Burton, 2002, pg 558). The extent to which built form influences social problems has therefore been seen as very limited. The confluence of several economic, social, political and environmental reasons results in the creation of social problems. In addition, the weight of the importance of the built form, when taking into consideration the different social problems, tend to change from one country to another depending on the perception of the different kind of built form by the population. This perception will always be shaped according to the culture and socialization the individual has experienced. What in some countries is seen as undesiderable form of housing in others is the common norm. In Britain â€Å"compact city† has been proved to be the best option for future urban development if sustainable reasons are taking into account. The promotion of places that make efficient use of available space and environmental resources will lead to the adoption of high-density development. This residential housing has been seen through history as a reason for the emergence of social problems and people associate this type of built environment to vandalism, crime and social inequality. The introduction of this new model into planning practice will need to be seen together with changes in the population mentality and will meet several difficulties when confronting well rooted ways of thinking. People will have to be educated to accept the change. It will not create additional social problems if it incorporates features that improve people's quality of life like high standard local services and an easy reach of a range of facilities. This new concept of built form will generate debates and modification in people's constructed reality before being able to be generally accepted, a shift in people's attitudes towards the new form of housing. It needs to be an attractive option and it will involve action and investment from government and agencies in order to disassociate false presumptions about this kind of built form.

In J. M. Coetzee’S Waiting For The Barbarians, The Magistrate

In J. M. Coetzee’s Waiting For the Barbarians, the magistrate is highly concerned with being recognized as a good and just man. In â€Å"Existentialism is a Humanism†, Jean-Paul Sartre discusses how people should be held accountable for their actions and that it is one’s actions that defines them. Both Coetzee and Sartre discuss what it means to be a good person and what defines an action as good. From an existential viewpoint, if one only causes harm, they would be viewed as a harmful person even if their intentions were perfectly harmless. One the other hand, one who mostly commits good deed would be seen as a fine individual. This idea can be applied to the magistrate in Waiting For the Barbarians. Though the magistrate would like to be†¦show more content†¦The magistrate could have saved them from Colonel Joll and the soldier, but instead, the magistrate chose to protect his job and his relationship with the Empire. Although the magistrate did not to rture the barbarians himself, by allowing the torturing to occur, his actions cannot be seen as much better than those of Colonel Joll. When the Empire soldiers decided to publicly torture barbarians, the magistrate received another opportunity to act as a good person and prevent the soldiers from committing such savage acts, but instead, he chose to waste his potential and watch the spectacle alongside the rest of the crowd. While observing the soldiers’ actions, the magistrate states, â€Å"Let it at the very least be said, if it ever comes to be said, if there is ever anyone in some remote future interested to know the way we lived, that in this farthest outpost of the Empire of light there existed one man who in his heart was not a barbarian† (Coetzee 104). Though the magistrate may believe that he alone was not a barbarian in terms of how he was feeling, that does not mean that he was a good man. He still chose to stand in the crowd and watch the nomads be torture d and therefore was no better than the rest of the town. As the leader of town, the magistrate had the potential to go up to the military men and stop them from going through with the public display of torture, but the magistrate chose to waste that potential and only reacted once itShow MoreRelatedThe Magistrates Relationship with the Barbarian Girl through a Close Reading of Waiting for the Barbarians by J. M. Coetzee.1442 Words   |  6 Pagesthere is no interior, only a surface across which I hunt back and forth seeking entry. Is this how her torturers felt hunting their secret, whatever they thought it was? - pg.43. One of the central figures in J. M. Coetzees Waiting for the Barbarians is the barbarian girl. The Magistrate finds the girl maimed and nearly blind after being interrogated and tortured by the ruthless Colonel Joll, and takes her in. The Magistrates relationship with the girl revolves around his search for the girls