Why Do Afro-American People Dominate in US Sports

Why Do Afro-American People Dominate in US Sports? Usually, when the question is about who is a better sportsman – a white or black one – people tend to prefer the latter one. Why so? To talk about the racial differences (physical and cultural) it is important to say that in the past it was all about the discrimination excuses. Nowadays, the dominancy of black sportsmen is no wonder anymore, but still this aspect makes people think what the reason of black dominancy is. Nevertheless, the majority of scientists in the United States of America are not really concerned with the study of the white black people’s physical differences. However, the black athletes’ obvious superiority brings up two main questions – are they really better than the athletes with white skin? If it is true, then why is it so? O.J. Simpson, for example, has no doubts concerning the racial differences that he has surveyed. According to his words, black athletes are built in a little bit different way. They have longer legs, skinnier calves, which means they were created for speed and, as we know, in the majority of kinds of sport the speed factor is a crucial one. Joe Morgan has also said some words about the differences between blacks and whites. In accordance to his ideas, the main difference between these people lies in the psychological reasons. That is why black people have better speed and agility. For such sports like basketball, baseball and football those features are of number one importance. The black athletes are definitely superior in such situations. It seems like they were created to be able to do more things than the rest. For example, they have no equals in basketball jumping note (65 % of NBA players are Afro-American). To my mind, the main reason why black sportsmen are superior over the rest lies in the fact that they are naturally more capable of endurance and if to talk about numbers, there’s 80% of physiological factor and 20% of sociological, which makes them faster, stronger and better sportsmen!

How to Avoid Common Prepositional Pitfalls in German

Prepositions (Prà ¤positionen) are a hazardous area in the learning of any second language, and German is no exception. These short, seemingly innocent words — an, auf, bei, bis, in, mit, à ¼ber, um, zu, and others — can often be gefà ¤hrlich (dangerous). One of the most common mistakes made by the foreign speaker of a language is the incorrect use of prepositions. Prepositional Pitfalls Fall Into Three Main Categories Grammatical: Is the preposition one governed by the accusative, dative, or genitive case? Or is it a so-called doubtful or two-way preposition? The German noun cases play an important role.Idiomatic: How does a native-speaker say it? To illustrate this, I often use the English example of stand IN line or stand ON line—which do you say? (Both are correct, but your answer may reveal which part of the English-speaking world youre from. If youre British, youd simply queue.) And the way a German might say in or on depends on a number of factors, even including whether a surface is vertical (on the wall) or horizontal (on the table)! Using the wrong preposition can also lead to an unintentional change in meaning... and sometimes to embarrassment.English Interference: Because some German prepositions are similar or identical to English, or sound like an English preposition (bei, in, an, zu), you may choose the wrong one. And several German prepositions can equal more than one English preposition: an can mean at, in, on, or to—depending on how its used in a German sentence. So you cant just assume that an will always mean on. The word since can be translated into German with either the preposition seit (for time) or the conjunction da (for cause). Below are brief discussions  of each category. Grammar Sorry, but theres really only one way to solve this problem: memorize the prepositions! But do it right! The traditional way, learning to rattle off the case groups (e.g., bis, durch, fà ¼r, gegen, ohne, um, wider take the accusative), works for some people, but I prefer the phrase approach—learning prepositions as part of a prepositional phrase. (This is similar to learning nouns with their genders, as I  also recommend.) For example, memorizing the phrases mit mir and ohne mich sets the combination in your mind AND reminds  you that mit takes a dative object (mir), while ohne takes the accusative (mich). Learning the difference between the phrases am See (at the lake) and an den See (to the lake) will tell you that an with the dative is about location (stationary), whereas an with the accusative is about direction (movement). This method is also closer to what a native-speaker does naturally, and it can help move the learner towards an increased level of Sprachgefà ¼hl or a feeling for the language. Idioms Speaking of Sprachgefà ¼hl, here is where you really need it! In most cases, youll just have to learn the right way to say it. For example, where English uses the preposition to, German has at least six possibilities: an, auf, bis, in, nach, or zu! But there are some helpful categorical guidelines. For example, if youre going to a country or geographic destination, you almost always use nach—as in nach Berlin or nach Deutschland. But there are always exceptions to the rule: in die Schweiz, to Switzerland. The rule for the exception is that feminine (die) and plural countries (die USA) use in instead of nach. But there are many cases where rules arent much help. Then you simply have to learn the phrase as a vocabulary item. A good example is a phrase such as to wait for. An English-speaker has a tendency to say warten fà ¼r when the correct German is warten auf—as in Ich warte auf ihn  (Im waiting for him) or Er wartet auf den Bus. (Hes waiting for the bus). Also, see Interference below. Here are a few standard prepositional idiomatic expressions: to die of/sterben an (dat.)to believe in/glauben an (dat.)to depend on/ankommen auf (acc.)to fight for/kà ¤mpfen umto smell of/riechen nach Sometimes German uses a preposition where English doesnt: He was elected mayor. Er wurde zum Bà ¼rgermeister gewà ¤hlt. German often makes distinctions that English does not. We go to the movies or to the cinema in English. But zum Kino means to the movie theater (but not necessarily inside) and ins Kino means to the movies (to see a show). Interference First-language interference is always a problem in learning a second language, but nowhere is this more critical than with prepositions. As we have already seen above, just because English uses a given preposition doesnt mean German will use the equivalent in the same situation. In English we are afraid OF something; a German has fear BEFORE (vor) something. In English we take something FOR a cold; in German, you take something AGAINST (gegen) a cold.   Another example of interference can be seen in the preposition by. Though German bei sounds almost identical to English by, it is rarely used in that meaning. By car or by train is mit dem Auto or mit der Bahn (beim Auto means next to or at the car). The author of a literary work is designated in a von-phrase: von Schiller (by Schiller). The closest bei usually comes to by is in an expression such as bei Mà ¼nchen (near/by Munich) or bei Nacht (at/by night), but bei mir means at my house or at my place. (For more about by in German, see By-Expressions in German.) Obviously, there are many more prepositional pitfalls than we have space for here. See our German Grammar page and The Four German Cases for more information in several categories. If you feel youre ready, you can test yourself on this Preposition Quiz.

The Corrupt American Dream By F. Scott Fitzgerald

Bella Kolinski AP English 11 3 March 2016 The Corrupt American Dream The American Dream is defined as the â€Å"idea that every US citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative† (Adams). This idea has been relevant to Americans ever since the creation of the United States of America. Everyone has their own interpretation of it and embody it in their own way. Over time, the American Dream has been altered and changed in regards to how our society has evolved. During the 1920s, the American Dream became corrupt and America’s main focus was on materialism and wealth. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, he depicts the corruption of the American Dream based on greed and false prosperity which strayed from the true version of it which valued hard-work, and initiative. In the 1920s, The American Dream was skewed and very different from the original idea. In The Great Gatsby, the characters personify Materialism and greed. One of the main characters, Daisy, is very materialistic. She manifests greed and the American Dream during this time perfectly. Daisy has grown up with money being an important part of her life. She marries Tom Buchanan for the sake of his money, not out of unconditional love. She is so obsessed with wealth that she doesn t care for anything else than money. Daisy has always believed that money can make things better and that money is the answer. She is so blinded by the abuse sheShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream, and All Its Splendor (Great Gatsby)854 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1920s were a decade of rebirth characterised by the founding of the American Dream -- the belief that anyone can, and should, achieve material success. The defining writer of the 1920s was F. Scott Fitzgerald whose most famous novel, The Great Gatsby, has become required reading for present-day high school students. We study Fitzgeralds novel for the same reason we study Shakespeare. The literature composed by both authors contains themes and morals that continue to be relevant to modernRead More The American Dream, And All Its Splendor (Great Gatsby) Essay example809 Words   |  4 Pages The 1920s were a decade of rebirth characterised by the founding of the quot;American Dreamquot; -- the belief that anyone can, and should, achieve material success. The defining writer of the 1920s was F. Scott Fitzgerald whose most famous novel, The Great Gatsby, has become required reading for present-day high school students. We study Fitzgeralds novel for the same reason we study Shakespeare. The literature composed by both authors contains themes and morals that continue to be relevantRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds American Dream Essay1643 Words   |  7 Pageswould never be so happy again.†(Fitzgerald). F. Scott Fitzgerald was born on September 24, 1896 in St. Paul, Minnesota, into a very prestigious, catholic family. Edward, his father, was from Maryland, and had a strong allegiance to the Old South and its values. Fitzgerald’s mother, Mary, was the daughter of an Irish immigrant who became wealthy as a wholesale grocer in St. Paul. His upbringing, affected much of his writing career. Half the time F. Scott Fitzgerald thought of himself as the â€Å"heirRead MoreThe American Dream Through The Eyes Of F. Scott Fitzgerald1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream Through the Eyes of F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby has been criticized, cited, and known as one of the greatest works of American Literature. With numerous themes and focuses, one of the most valuable is represented in the American Dream and how F. Scott Fitzgerald analyzes his idea of this concept. The American Dream is a concept centering on successes in many terms, such as wealth and social standing. These successes are achieved through hardRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1672 Words   |  7 Pages2017 Dreams of the Corrupted When corruption is thought of one could often think of a fat, greedy old man taking the wealth of citizens. However, that is not the only form of corruption. Many forms of corrupt individuals are prevalent throughout the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Corruption is shown through the characters as they pursue their version of the American Dream. However, the pursuit of the American Dream does not entail happiness, for the needs of the corrupt can neverRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1412 Words   |  6 Pages Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby showcases the American society during the Roaring 1920s. During this time period many longed to be rich and become a member of the upper class. 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Scott Fitzgerald Essay846 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolisms in novels are as memorable as the green light in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Shining at the end of Daisy’s dock, it is close enough to be seen, but too far away to be reached. Still, Gatsby, an eternal optimist, stares at it at night, as if it showed him that all his far-away dreams were about to come true. The green light in The Great Gatsby is symbolic of hope, a source of inspiration, and a representation of the American Dream to Gatsby and to the novel’s readers. Gatsby’s aspirationsRead MoreThe Decay of American Dream in The Great Gatsby1289 Words   |  6 PagesThe Decay of American Dream in The Great Gatsby The American Dream is a worldwide known idiom and it emphasizes an ideal of a successful and happy lifestyle which is oftentimes symbolized by the phrase â€Å"from rags-to-riches†. It originated out of the ideal of equality, freedom and opportunity that is held to every American. In the last couple of decades the main idea of the American Dream has shifted to becoming a dream in which materialistic values are of a higher importance and status. TheRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Character Analysis1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe stereotypical American Dream is being wealthy and successful, living in a nice house with a family. Once a person experiences this American dream, he or she becomes greedy and unscrupulous. This is evident in The Great Gatsby through the insights and backstories sprinkled intermittently through the novel. As the story begins it is clear that Tom Buchanan wants women other than his wife, Jay Gatsby wants to rekindle his relationship with Daisy Buchanan, and Da isy Buchanan just wants to be loved

Oscar Micheaux and Black American Cinema Essay Example For Students

Oscar Micheaux and Black American Cinema Essay In early American film, African-Americans were portrayed in a very offensive and racist way. An example of this is in D. W. Griffith’s 1915 film, The Birth of a Nation. This film is what helped spark the beginning of Black American Cinema. An African-American director named Oscar Micheaux responded to Griffith’s film and created many films portraying African-Americans as being perfectly normal and realistic. This paper will discuss how Micheaux changed the way African-Americans were portrayed in cinema and how he helped start Black American Cinema. This can be seen by studying some of Micheaux’s earliest films including: The Homesteader (1919), Within Our Gates (1920), and Veiled Aristocrats (1932). D. W. Griffith’s 1915 film, The Birth of a Nation was very controversial because of the way black men were portrayed. There is a scene in which a black man attempts to rape a white woman. This scene tries to make black men seem evil and dangerous. Also all of the black men in the film are shown to be very unintelligent. Mainstream film companies portrayed black men largely as humorous objects – dim witted, slow moving, shiftless caricatures who would not threaten mainstream audiences (Butters 5). Many of the actors were not even black. A lot of the actors were white men dressed in blackface. This film also shows the Ku Klux Klan as being the good guys of the story and also being heroic. â€Å"A deeply racist film glorifying the Ku Klux Klan, The Birth of a Nation was bitterly attacked on its release by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and its allies† (Stokes 20). This film caused many African-Americans to protest the film. There were race riots and protests in many urban cities. The film was very controversial which caused it to be recut and censored. â€Å"Repeatedly recut by censors who deemed the harrowing sequences of lynching and attempted rape too incendiary in the wake of the Chicago race riots of 1919† (Zimmermann 122). This film was a prime example of the racism that existed during this time period. The African-American Civil Rights Movement didnt start until the mid 1950s and even after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 there is still racism in the world. Oscar Micheaux was a very important figure in the starting of Black American Cinema. He made films that depicted black men as being intelligent and educated. â€Å"Throughout the silent era, Micheaux created cinematic portrayals of African-American manhood that stood in sharp contrast to Hollywood’s depictions† (Butters 5). Micheaux’s films along with films made through the Lincoln Motion Picture Company were what started Black American Cinema. The Northern urban cities were the first places that had theaters that catered to black audiences. These theaters were owned and built by African-Americans. The North and Midwest cities are where a large portion of southern blacks migrated. Chicago is where most of the race movies begun. Oscar Micheaux’s films were extremely controversial. In some countries, his films were heavily censored or even banned. â€Å"Swedish censors notoriously edited out violence and harsh language. They did not do this in order to prevent riots, but with the notion that such expressions would harm the morality of youth, women, and members of the working class† (Gustafsson 32). The reason Micheaux’s films were so important was because of the way he portrayed African-Americans. In most of Micheaux’s films, he portrays the world in the way he thinks is accurate. Oscar Micheaux’s first film was called The Homesteader. It was actually based on a book he had written with the same name. This film is thought to be the first film to have been created with an all black cast and crew. Micheaux was going to have the film produced through the Lincoln Motion Picture Company, but he wanted more control of the film. .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .postImageUrl , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:hover , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:visited , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:active { border:0!important; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:active , .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u94b22d21342c396808cef559c423e85e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American Photographer and Artist EssayHe decided to establish his own film and book publishing company. It was called The Micheaux Film and Book Publishing Corporation. The Homesteader was well-received and resulted in launching Micheaux’s new career as a filmmaker. In The Homesteader, Micheaux’s goal in this film was to show African-Americans that it was very possible for them to become successful. Micheaux attempted to demonstrate the qualities needed to be a successful black man (Butters 6). The film also depicts an interracial romance, in which was very controversial at the time. Micheaux didnt try to make black people inferior to white people in his films. Instead he tried to show what he thought was the realistic representation. â€Å"Whereas most other race films displayed a highly idealized image of black people, Micheaux represented African-American life as he saw it, with representations of both good and bad† (Gustafsson 32). This film was the start of Black American Cinema and the film industry now became very segregated. Oscar Micheaux’s most important film was called Within Our Gates (1920). It is Micheaux’s second film and is actually the oldest surviving film that was made by a black director. It was a direct response to Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation. Within Our Gates is a representation of the injustices that African-Americans faced in the very racist society of the time. It shows white supremacy and racial violence. â€Å"A powerful and enlightening cultural document and a landmark film, Within Our Gates is no less relevant today than it was in 1920. It resonates and reverberates with racial profiling, defunding of education, diaspora, the War on Terror† (Zimmermann 122). The film shows a lot of lynching, which made southern white people look terrible and inhumane. The film does the exact opposite of what The Birth of a Nation did. It depicts a white man attempting to sexually assault a black woman. Micheaux wanted to express the fact that it was more likely for a white person to do harm to a black person. This film helped express the struggles African-Americans had to face because of racism. Micheaux’s films were shot using very impressive camera and editing techniques. The editing and camera work was very well done and could compete with Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation. â€Å"Within Our Gates also counters The Birth of a Nation in the politics of its aesthetics, specifically in its very different use of parallel editing† (Siomopoulos 111). Another important race film that Micheaux created was Veiled Aristocrats. This film depicts racism by showing that light-skinned people are treated better compared to dark-skinned people. The main protagonist of the film is an African-American that is fairly light-skinned. This allows him to pass as a white man and allows to him to be successful. The plot of this story is very creative because it shows a different type of discrimination. Even though the main characters are in fact African-American, they are actually prejudice toward dark-skinned black people. Micheaux shows how people with mixed-race heritage also struggled. The ending of the story promotes racial equality and shows interracial couples as being perfectly normal. Micheaux expresses racial equality through this film and promotes civil rights. Micheaux was the first African-American to create a film. He was also the first African-American to create a film that was shown in white movie theaters. This shows how his films were revolutionary. By creating very well made films and portraying black people in a realistic way, Micheaux played a huge role in the advancement of the African-American culture. Black American Cinema in a way pushed segregation, which does not promote racial equality, but by making films that portray African-Americans as equal did a lot to help. In the whole experience of the race there has been no aid to visualization comparable to the cinema† (Siomopoulos 113). Micheaux’s films helped African-Americans find ways to battle racism. Black American Cinema became a key factor in racial equality. â€Å"Movie theaters were important sites of black urban culture, where African Americans could both engage in mass culture and adapt it to the needs of the black community, especially through the live musical performances that would accompany the films† (Siomopoulos 113). Racism has always been a serious problem in society. .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .postImageUrl , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:hover , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:visited , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:active { border:0!important; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:active , .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16 .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue2af46190a0d00833ee2b708d1ecfe16:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The James Bond films EssayToday racism still exists, but it is not nearly as common. Oscar Micheaux was the first African-American to create a film and he helped start the Black American Cinema movement. By studying his films: The Homesteader (1919), Within Our Gates (1920), and Veiled Aristocrats (1932) it is obvious that he played a huge role in changing the way African-Americans were portrayed in films. By moving away from the terrible black stereotypes, Oscar Micheaux created films that really contributed to an attempt of racial equality. Bibliography: Butters, Gerald R., Jr. Homestead to Lynch Mob: Portrayals of Black Masculinity. The Journal for MultiMedia History 3 (2000): 1-18. Web. Gustafsson, Tommy. The Visual Re-Creation Of Black People In A White Country: Oscar Micheaux And Swedish Film Culture In The 1920S. Cinema Journal 4 (2008): 30. Literature Resource Center. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. â€Å"Oscar Devereaux Micheaux.† Bio, AE Television Networks, 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. Siomopolous, Anna. The Birth Of A Black Cinema: Race, Reception, And Oscar Micheauxs Within Our Gates. Moving Image 2 (2006): 111. Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. Stokes, Melvyn. Race, Politics, And Censorship: D. W. Griffiths The Birth Of A Nation In France, 1916-1923. Cinema Journal 1 (2010): 19. Literature Resource Center. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. Zimmermann, Patricia. Revisiting And Remixing Black Cinema. Moving Image 2 (2006): 119. Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.